Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich: biography, muaj tswv yim qub txeeg qub teg, tus kheej lub neej

Voloshin Maksimilian (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1877 - 1932) - kws sau paj lug, artist, kos duab historian, txawj critic. Voloshin - ib tug pseudonym. Nws lub npe tiag tiag - Kirienko-Voloshin.

Childhood, me nyuam kawm ntawv xyoo

Lub neej yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug yug nyob rau hauv Kiev nyob rau hauv 1877, 16 (28) ntawm May. Nws txiv pog koob yawg koob tau Zaporozhye Cossacks. Los ntawm cov niam nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg Germans, Russified nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Maximilian poob nws txiv ua 3 xyoos. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, siv nws thaum yau thiab hluas ntawm lub kws sau paj lug. Nws niam nyob rau hauv 1893, mas yuav kis tau nyob rau hauv Feodosiya nyob ze Koktebel av. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv 1897, Voloshin Maksimilian kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Nws nkag mus hauv lub Moscow University (Kws qhia ntawv - Law). Maximilian raws li ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv revolutionary kev ua ub no. Nws twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub ob hlis ntuj 1900 All-Lavxias teb sab tub ntxhais kawm ntawv strike. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ib txwm mus ntxhov siab thiab "tsis zoo saib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no," Voloshin Maximilian twb tshem tawm los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv.

pib mus ncig teb chaws

Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj qhov phem tshaj txim, nws tau mus tsim kho ntawm lub railway nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm xyoo 1900. Voloshin no lub sij hawm, tom qab hu ua "decisive lub sij hawm ntawd hais tias" txiav txim nws lub neej tom ntej sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, nws muaj lub antiquity, East Asia, nyob rau cov nyob sab Europe kab lis kev cai.

Txawm li cas los, nws yog nquag familiarizing Maximilian mus rau lub achievements ntawm Western European kev txawj ntse thiab tswv yim zoo kab lis kev cai ntawm cov thawj mus txawv tebchaws nws yuav ib tug tseem ceeb heev aim ntawm qhov kev kws sau paj lug. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1899-1900 nyob rau hauv ltalis, Fabkis, Tim Nkij teb chaws, Switzerland, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria-Hungary. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Maximilian attracted Paris. Qhov no yog qhov chaw uas nws pom hauv qhov chaw ntawm European, thiab chaw pib lub universal sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Maximilian Alexandrovich rov qab los ntawm Asia rau kev ntshai ntawm ntxiv kev tsim txom, nws txiav txim siab mus rau sab hnub poob.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv Paris, ntxiv mus ncig teb chaws, "lub kws sau paj lug lub tsev" nyob rau hauv Koktebel

Nyob rau hauv Paris, Voloshin Maksimilian (nws yees duab nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) tau mus xyuas ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1901 mus 1916, kuv tau nyob ntawm no. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm, cov kws sau paj lug ua mus txawv tebchaws "mus rau lub ancient Mediterranean ntiaj teb no." Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tau mus xyuas los txog nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si Lavxias teb sab capitals. Voloshin nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws "kws sau paj lug lub tsev" nyob rau hauv Koktebel, uas tau muab rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov kev cai center, ib qho chaw uas tau so thiab chaw nkaum txawj cov neeg tseem ceeb. G. Shengeli, lub tshuab txhais thiab kws sau paj lug, hu ua tus "Cimmerian Athens". Thaum ntau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev no yog xyuas los ntawm Andrei Bely, Vyacheslav Bruce, Alexei Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, Nikolay Gumilev, Osip Mandelstam, Marina Tsvetaeva, Khodasevich, E. Zamyatin, tiv tshav ntuj kub Ivanov, Chukovsky, Mikhail Bulgakov thiab ntau lwm sau ntawv, ua yeeb yam thiab kws tshawb fawb.

Voloshin - ib tug txawj critic

Raws li ib tug txawj critic Voloshin Maksimilian ua nws debut nyob rau hauv 1899. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal "Lavxias teb sab lub tswv yim" tuaj nws me ntsis saib xyuas tsis muaj ib tug kos npe rau. Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1900 ib tug ntev tsab xov xwm hu ua "Nyob rau hauv kws muaj txuj ci ntawm Hauptmann" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv tib phau ntawv journal. Nws tau kos npe "Max. Voloshin." Qhov tsab xov xwm yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj nyob rau hauv Russia manifestos ntawm modernist kom zoo nkauj. Tom qab uas tuaj nws lwm cov khoom. Tag nrho cov Voloshin sau lawv 36 - nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, 35 - nyob rau Fabkis thiab Lavxias teb sab ua yeeb yam, 28 - txog cov ntaub ntawv Fabkis, raws li zoo raws li 49 khoom hais txog cov txheej xwm ntawm lub Fabkis kev cai lub neej. Lawv coj los siv thiab hais tias lub tswv yim zoo tej ntsiab cai ntawm modernism. Voloshin tshiab kev sau ntawv tshwm sim ntawm peb lub teb chaws (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov thiaj li hu ua muaj tswv yim yau Symbolists) nkag tau rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm kev kawm European kab lis kev cai.

Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich, uas nws biography peb muaj kev txhawj xeeb, kuj yog ib tug txawj neeg sawv cev, kws pab tswv yim, ua lag luam, intercession thiab publishing kws "kev tu siab", "Scorpio" thiab Sabashnikovyh cov kwv tij. Nws kawm lub hom phiaj nws xa mus rau Buddhism, khawv koob, Catholicism, theosophy, occultism, Freemasonry. Tag nrho cov no coj Maximilian nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm los ntawm lub lens ntawm cov kos duab. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws menyuam "lub pathos ntawm thought" thiab cov "paj huam ntawm lub tswv yim", yog li nws cov khoom zoo li kwv huam, thiab kwv huam - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv (nws hais tias Ehrenburg, uas muaj nplooj siab nws sau ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1923 nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Portraits ntawm kev kawm paj huam") .

Tus thawj nqe

Thaum xub thawj, tsis muaj ntau cov kwv huam sau Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich, ib tug kws sau paj lug. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv twb muab tso rau hauv cov phau ntawv, uas nyob rau hauv 1910 ( "Kwv huam. 1900-1910"). Tes "jeweller", "muaj tseeb master" pom nws Bryusov. Voloshin xav lawv cov xib fwb virtuoso poetic yas zh. M. Eredia, Gauthier li al. Poets "Parnassian" los ntawm Fabkis. Lawv tej hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv verlenovskim counterweight mus rau lub "suab paj nruag" kev taw qhia. Qhov no yam ntxwv creativity Voloshin yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau nws cov thawj sau, raws li tau zoo raws li mus rau lub thib ob, uas yog twv los ntawm Maximilian nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920 thiab twb tsis tau luam tawm. Nws twb hu ua "Selva oscura". Nws muaj ib tug paj huam tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm xyoo 1910 rau xyoo 1914. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tuaj nyob rau tom qab nyob rau hauv phau ntawv xaiv, uas nyob rau hauv 1916 ( "ivernit").

Orientation rau Verhaeren

Nws yuav ua tau ntev tham txog lub creation ntawm xws li ib tug kws sau paj lug li Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich. Biography sau ua ke nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm muaj tsuas yog tus yooj yim tseeb txog nws. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kom meej meej nom tswv orientation ntawm lub kws sau paj lug yuav txij li thaum pib ntawm lub 1 lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog, E. Verhaeren. Brusov hloov nws rov qab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv 1907 "Emile Verhaeren thiab Valeriy Bryusov" Maximilian twb raug ntsoog loj heev thuam. Voloshin nws tus kheej txhais Verhaeren "los ntawm txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view" thiab "nyob rau hauv txawv lub sij hawm." Cwj pwm ntawm nws, nws summed li nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv nyob rau hauv 1919, "Verhaeren. Hmoo. Creativity. Translations."

Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich - Lavxias teb sab paj huam leej twg sau tau kwv huam hais txog kev tsov rog. Muaj nyob rau hauv tus sau los ntawm 1916 "Anno mundi ardentis", lawv yeej nyob rau hauv qhib verhanovskoy poetics. Lawv ua cov dluab thiab cov hom kev kawm ntawm poetic rhetoric, uas tau ua ib tug ruaj khov feature ntawm tag nrho cov paj huam Maximilian revolutionary lub sij hawm, lub civil tsov rog thiab lub xyoo tom ntej. Ib feem ntawm cov kwv huam sau ntawv nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1919 rau hauv phau ntawv "Dab lag ntseg", lwm tus ib feem twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1923 nyob rau hauv Berlin nyob rau hauv lub title "Kwv huam ntawm ntshai." Txawm li cas los, feem ntau ntawm cov tej hauj lwm yuav nyob rau hauv sau.

Official kev tsim txom

Nyob rau hauv 1923 nws pib hounding Voloshin los ntawm lub xeev. Nws lub npe yog tsis nco qab lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1928 mus 1961, ib tug tib txoj kab ntawm lub kws sau paj lug tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv luam. Thaum Ehrenburg nyob rau hauv 1961, ua siab mos qhia xa mus nyob rau hauv nws memoirs txog Voloshin, nws tam sim ntawd txhais cem nws me ntsis A. Dymshitz, uas taw mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias Maximilian yog decadent ntawm lub me thiab reacted zoo mus rau ib tug kiv puag ncig.

Rov qab mus rau lub Crimea, sim mus ua txhaum mus rau hauv sau

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1917 Voloshin rov qab mus rau lub Crimea. Nyob rau hauv nws autobiography nyob rau hauv 1925, nws sau hais tias nws tsis cia nws, thiab yuav tsis mus txawv teb chaws los ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi escapes. Nyuam qhuav pib, nws hais tias tsis tshwm nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov sib xeem tog, tab sis nyob xwb Russia thiab ua nyob rau hauv nws; thiab nws tau sau hais tias nws yuav tsum tau mus nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv Russia txog rau thaum xaus. Voloshin tsev, nyob rau hauv Koktebel, tseem ib qhov kev pab no thaum lub sij hawm lub Civil War. Ntawm no lawv pom qhov chaw nkaum thiab zais ntawm kev tsim txom thiab dawb ceev xwm, thiab cov thawj coj ntawm cov liab. Qhov no Maximilian sau nyob rau hauv nws 1926 paj huam "Lub tsev ntawm lub kws sau paj lug." "Liab Thawj Coj" yog bela Kun. Tom qab Wrangel twb swb lawm, nws los ntawm lub koom haum starvation thiab xav tias tsam lawv khiav lub pacification ntawm lub Crimea. Thaj, raws li ib tug nqi zog rau cooj lub Kuhn thaum lub sij hawm lub Soviet era Voloshin tsev tau raug fwm, raws li zoo raws li tus kwv tij muaj kev ruaj ntseg muab. Txawm li cas los, tej nuj nqis nws nqis los yog mob siab V. Veresaeva, influential nyob rau lub sij hawm, los yog cov zoo hloov siab lees txim thiab imploring txaus siab mus rau L. Kamenev, tag nrho cov-haib ideologue (nyob rau hauv 1924) tsis pab Maximilian so rau hauv print.

Ob tug qhia Voloshin xav

Voloshin sau tias nqe vaj lug kub rau nws tsuas yog tib txoj kev uas tau hnov txog kev xav. Thiab lawv khiav nws nyob rau hauv ob cov lus qhia. Thawj - historiosophical (txoj hmoo ntawm Russia, tej hauj lwm uas coj nws feem ntau conventionally kev cai dab qhuas coloring). Qhov thib ob - anti-keeb kwm. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau voj voog "Txoj kev Ka-ees", uas reflected cov tswv yim ntawm lub universal anarchism. Cov kws sau paj lug sau tias nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm, nws generates yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm nws cov kev sib raug zoo tswv yim, uas tau feem ntau tsis zoo. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau hauv lub dav ironic laus ntawm no voj voog.

Paub thiab unrecognized khoom

Incoherence kev xav, yam ntxwv ntawm Voloshin, coj mus rau lub fact tias nws tsim yaam tshab tau ntaus nqi tej zaum raws li ib tug grandiloquent melodeclamation ( "Preosuschestvlenie", "Holy Russia", "Kitezh", "Lub sij hawm ntawm tub txib saum ntuj," "Tus Tsiaj qus Teb"), aestheticized punditry ( "Cosmos "" Leviathan "," Tanob "thiab ib co lwm yam hauj lwm ntawm" Txoj kev Ka-ees "), pretentious stylization (" Dmetrius-Emperor "," Archpriest hu ua Hanpaku tau, "" Saint Seraphim, "" lus dab neeg uas Inoke Epiphany "). Cuaj kaum, nws yuav tau hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov kwv huam ntawm lub revolutionary lub sij hawm tau raug lees paub tias raws li ib tug kev thiab leej poetic pov thawj (xws li, typological portraits "Bourgeois", "soj", "Tus liab" thiab al., Lyrical lees "rau hauv qab ntawm ntuj raug txim" thiab "Readiness "rhetorical masterpiece" Northeast "thiab lwm yam hauj lwm).

Cov khoom hais txog kev kos duab thiab painting zaj lus qhia

Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kos duab critic nres. Txawm li cas los, Maximilian yog tau luam tawm 34 cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab fine arts, raws li zoo raws li 37 cov khoom nyob rau Fabkis kos duab. Nws thawj monographic ua hauj lwm mob siab rau rau Surikov, khaws nws tus nqi. Cov phau ntawv "Tus Ntsuj Plig ntawm cov Gothic" twb tshuav tsis tiav. Saum toj no nws Maximilian ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1912 thiab 1913.

Voloshin coj li painting nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txiav txim rau cov kev hais txog lub visual arts. Raws li nws muab tawm los, nws yog ib tug gifted artist. Crimean watercolor ua hauj lwm, tua nrog poetic inscriptions, los ua nws nyiam ib hom ntawv nyeem. Nyob rau hauv 1932 (11 Lub yim hli ntuj) nyob rau hauv Koktebel tuag Maximilian Voloshin. Luv luv biography nws yuav supplemented nrog cov lus qhia txog nws tus kheej lub neej, kev nthuav cov lus tseeb ntawm uas peb tuaj hauv qab no.

Nthuav lus tseeb ntawm cov private lub neej Voloshin

Duel Voloshin thiab Nikolaya Gumileva yog nyob rau hauv lub dub dej, rau ib tug nyob qhov twg Pushkin tua Dantes. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv '72 thiab tom qab ntawd kuj rau cov poj niam. Txawm li cas los, txoj hmoo tau khaws cia ces tus ob nto moo paj huam, dab tsi twb Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich thiab Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich. Cov kws sau paj lug, uas nws yees duab yog qhia hauv qab no, - Nikolai Gumilyov.

Lawv tua vim hais tias Lizy Dmitrievoy. Nws mus kawm ib cov hoob kawm staroispanskoy thiab qub cov ntaub ntawv Fabkis nyob rau Sorbonne. Tus thawj ntawm tus hluas nkauj raug txhom Gumilyov. Nws coj nws mus xyuas Voloshin nyob rau hauv Koktebel. Nws seduced tus hluas nkauj. Nikolay Gumilyov tshuav li nws xav superfluous. Txawm li cas los, zaj dab neeg no txuas ntxiv mus tom qab ib pliag, thiab nws thiaj li coj mus rau ib tug duel. Lub tsev hais plaub raug txim mus rau ib lub lim tiam tus raug ntes ntawm Gumilev thiab Voloshin - mus rau ib hnub.

Tus thawj tus poj niam Maksimiliana Voloshina - Margarita Sabashnikova. Nrog nws, nws tau mus kawm lectures nyob rau Sorbonne. Cov sib yuav, txawm li cas los, tsis ntev poob sib nrug - nws poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog Vyacheslav Ivanov. Nws tus poj niam pom tias Sabashnikova nyob peb. Txawm li cas los, cov tsev neeg ntawm cov "yam tshiab" tsis ua hauj lwm. Nws ob tus poj niam yog ib tug nais maum Maria Stepanova (pictured saum toj no), kev kho mob rau cov neeg laus leej niam ntawm Maximilian.