Nyeem daim ntawv teev Brodsky: xyuas

Daim ntawv teev cov Brodsky - yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev cov phau ntawv, twb yug ib tug mob stroke ntawm tus cwj mem tus neeg zoo tshaj kws sau paj lug thiab essayist. Nws yog nws tus kheej txoj kev kawm ntaub ntawv. Nws yog qhov zoo rau tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub 70-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Tom qab tag nrho, cov neeg yuav tsum tau nyeem ib tug ntau ntawm zoo phau ntawv ua ntej ua ib tug kws sau paj lug los yog ib tug txawj sau ntawv. Brodsky suav hais tias yog tus nqi thiab virtue ntawm aesthetes ntawm nws tiam uas cov neeg ntawm nws ua yeeb yam "thiaj tau tuaj rau qhov," teb cov leem txoj kev rau cov creation ntawm ib tug hostile tib neeg, nyob rau hauv tus, ntawm ib tug totalitarian ib puag ncig.

Iosif Aleksandrovich - ib tug amazing neeg. Yog cim thiab nws biography. Yog tsis yog nws, nws zoo li ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev - los ua ib tug kws sau paj lug thiab essayist uas tsim ib txhij rau ob opposite lub xeev, lub USSR thiab lub teb chaws USA, thiab dhau ntawm lub kws sau paj lug mus rau thaum xaus, yuav faus nyob rau hauv Venice, lub birthplace ntawm lub Renaissance thiab lub X cheeb tsam ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws !

Nadezhda Mandelstam, ib tug neeg laus poj niam uas tau ib zaug sim twv seb txoj hmoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais Brodsky: "Nws - zoo ... me me, tab sis kuv ntshai hais tias yuav xaus phem heev." Thiab yog li ntawd nws yog nrog Iosifom Aleksandrovichem: nyob rau hauv lub USSR, nws ceased mus rau luam tawm, thiab ces nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States.

Brodsky paub txawv teb chaws

Daim ntawv teev cov Brodsky yog paub tias yuav tau raug sau los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub seventies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, thaum lub sij hawm yuam mus txawv teb chaws mus rau lub tebchaws United States. Nyob rau lub dej hiav txwv, nws tseem nyob rau hauv tus txheej xwm ntawm lub tsib American kawm ntawv qib siab xib fwb. Cov hauj lwm ntawm kev kawm ntawv lub npe ntawm ib tug neeg koom nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej-kev kawm ntawv mus rau 15 xyoo, yog ib tug precedent ntawm paub ntawm nws haib kev txawj ntse.

Nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, cov xibfwb qhia siv kuj nyob rau hauv peb lub zos: thawj nyob rau hauv Ann Arbor, ces New York thiab thaum kawg - nyob rau hauv South Hadley.

Lub rau ntawm kev xaiv ntawm cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov Brodsky

Cov kws qhia ntawv tsis tsuas nrhiav kom tig nws cov tub kawm rau hauv cov neeg versed nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Nws sim txia lawv tus yam ntxwv rau cov lus.

Lub starting taw tes nws tsim lub Roadmap rau cov thwjtim (Brodsky daim ntawv teev) yog ib tug hais los ntawm ib tug paj huam los ntawm cov Briton William Auden tus "Nyob rau hauv Memory ntawm U. B. Yeytsa", uas hais tias tsuas yog ib lub tsim kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lus muaj peev xwm "plunge", "incite" txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub poetic kos duab.

Thiab yuav ua kom tiav no sab ntsuj plig nkaus, tsis tsim kho lub siab rau nws tus kheej-kev kawm ntawv, tsis yooj yim sua. American xib fwb ntawm Soviet keeb kwm cov tub ntxhais kawm muas ntawm eccentric hwjchim ci ntsa iab. Nws yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm nws, yuav tsum tau me nyuam kawm ntawv muaj tswv yim nyeem ntawv ib tug plurality ntawm tej daim, txhua tus ntawm cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas yuav tsum tau muab tus sau kom zoo nkauj. Soj ntsuam paub qab hau pedagogical ntaus professors yuav tsum tsis txhob yog los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm cov scholar, thiab los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm lub kws sau paj lug-xyaum.

Kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lus raws li lub Alpha thiab Omega ntawm qhov ib tug kws sau paj lug

Leej twg muaj ib tug yawm tus kheej poetic kev kawm txawj thiab ntev mus kom abreast ntawm lub ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai, Iosif Aleksandrovich ntseeg sib cav hais tias lub tsim ntawm lub kws sau paj lug tsis tuaj los ntawm "nqhis dej rau creativity" thiab tsis los ntawm ib tug to taub ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub creation ntawm cov kwv huam. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm xws li ib tug neeg, raws li Brodsky, yog cia li ib tug "kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lus." Yog tsis muaj nws, cov paj huam yog tuag.

Lavxias teb sab-hais lus Internet cov neeg siv tej zaum kuj qhia bewilderment uas tshwm sim vim qhov uas tsis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov hauj lwm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug Pushkin, Lermontov, perceiving nws raws li ib co zoo ntawm kev nom kev tswv insinuations. Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, txawm li cas los, nws yog tsis zoo li rau lawv tej zaum yuav muab kev koom tes.

Tseeb, rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Brodsky sau tau ib cov American xib fwb rau nws cov tub kawm. Thiab ib co me nyuam kawm ntawv yog haiv neeg hais lus Askiv. Yog li ntawd, daim ntawv twv los ntawm cov kws sau paj lug, tus sau phau ntawv hais, gravitating rau Western qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, peb yuav tau liam: lub paj huam, "uas taug kev barefoot nyob rau hauv lub rab chais tus ntug" thiab "tej nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg ciaj ntsuj plig," yuav tsum tau hnov nyob rau hauv tsev, ntaus nqi, to taub nws yog nws cov neeg. Ces yuav Brodsky twb puas tau raug ntes thiab exiled, thiab nws yuav tau sau ib daim ntawv rau Lavxias teb sab-hais lus me nyuam kawm ntawv. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no yeej yuav tau Pushkin, Lermontov, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg ...

Brodsky thiab pib ntawm poetic kev ua si

Iosif Aleksandrovich tsis tau ua ib tug pub leejtwg nyob rau hauv xauv thiab tseem ceeb rau lawv txoj kev mus rau hauv cov paj huam. Nws hais rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, hnub nyoog ntawm 15 xyoos, nws sau tau paj huam sporadically thiab across. Muaj ib zaug, thaum nws yog 16, nws enlisted nyob rau hauv lub geological ntoj ke mus kawm. Kuv ua hauj lwm nyob ze Suav ciam teb, mus rau sab qaum teb cheeb tsam. Amur.

Lub ntoj ke mus kawm, nws nyeem ib phau ntawv ntawm paj huam Baratynsky, lub kws sau paj lug ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua (associate Pushkin). Nws yog ib lub paj huam ntawm Yevgeny Abramovich nyob rau hauv lawv tej yam rau Brodsky powered nws "kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lus." Tswv yim ntawm creativity Baratynsky sim hawm caij nyoog rau nws los tsim, coj cov kws sau paj lug sau ntawv ib tug tiag tiag zoo paj huam.

Tom qab ntawd Petersburg lub cov tub ntxhais txawj sau ntawv coj daim ntawv ntawm cov ntau lub tswv yim ntawm nws senior colleague, lub kws sau paj lug Evgeniya Reyna, uas txog thaum nws tuag ntshai li ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv nws thawj thawj link kuv twb raug xa Iosif Aleksandrovich vim tias yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm kev pab tshwj xeeb (lawv tas li saib thab Ahmatovoy, nrog rau leej twg tus kws sau paj lug tau ntsib).

Tus ntau thawj xib fwb thiab nws daim ntawv teev

Nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv, Sven Birkerts, uas ua nto moo txawj critic, hais tias nws kawm ntawv ua ke Brodsky nco qab txog li ob lub phem tshaj cov xib fwb, nyob rau hauv ib tes, feem ntau charismatic thiab - nyob rau lwm yam.

Yog vim li cas qhov phem tshaj (txawv txawv hnov lo lus ntawd nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm lub npe ntawm tus naas ej kws sau paj lug)? Sven meej teb lo lus nug no. Lub fact tias Yauxej A. kiag li puas tau tsis muaj dab tsi rau inspire lub ib thooj ntawm cov me nyuam kawm ntawv lub cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Nws yog ib tug individualist, thiab ib daim ntawv teev Brodsky pom tias nws tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob txhua txhua adept. Tab sis cov neeg kawm ntawv uas tseem thab mus nyeem cov phau ntawv, qhia nws yuav yeej ib txwm cia siab rau tswv yim, tham nrog tus Xib Hwb. Raws li cov memoirs ntawm contemporaries, Brodsky lub suab yog unusually noo hues. Nws hais lus ib tug me ntsis rau ntawm lub qhov ntswg, thiab hais rau nws yog ib txwm interesting. Cov phooj ywg jokingly hu ua nws ib tug "tug txiv neej-dag band."

Feeb ntawm nws ncaj tham nrog cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm tus nqi tsis yog.

Pedagogies Yauxej Alexandrovich, raws li cov recollections ntawm Sven Birkerts, yog cim. Xib Fwb es tsis qhia cov ntaub ntawv, thiab sim pab qhia tus cwj pwm.

Lub illusion ntawm immersion nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv

Nws yog nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub khub luv luv hais ib tug ntawm cov koj tej hauj lwm, uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog terrifying ib co me nyuam kawm ntawv tub nkeeg daim ntawv teev Brodsky. Thiab ces kuv nug txog cov kev xav tshwm sim los ntawm Akhmatova zaj paj huam los yog Montale mus rau kos menyuam kawm ntawv mus rau hauv lub arena, hais tus naas ej Sergeya Dyagileva quote: "Surprise kuv." Nws yog tsis yooj yim American me nyuam tub los yog tus ntxhais mus piav qhia txog, piv txwv li, yog tias kev tswj ntse portray Akhmatova hluav taws scene los yog qhia imagery "Iliad."

Tsis yog txhua tus twb nyob siab tshaj plaws qhuas Brodsky. Tib lo lus "zoo" Feem ntau cov feem ntau, qhov nruab nrab me nyuam kawm ntawv yog banal bared nws to taub yuam kev. Brodsky ntawm lub sij hawm no squeezed nyob rau hauv lub tes ntawm ib qho kev unlit luam yeeb ...

Tab sis tom qab tag nrho cov ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yog ib tug txiav txim qhia tawm ntawm kev lom zem. Tom qab mloog mus rau lub zog ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv, Iosif Aleksandrovich ua nws nto moo sib sib zog nqus pa, zoo nkaus li nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv thiab ces pib hais lus. Nws nug hais tias cov lus nug thiab nws teb lawv. Nws coj lawv cov followers los ntawm cov thicket ntawm cov suab thiab cov koom haum sau lub tswv yim ntawm nws cov neeg tuaj saib khiav ntawm astonishing hwj chim ntawm cov lus. Sven Birkerts thiab cov menyuam kawm zoo li nws, tau mus rau lub rooj sib tham nrog ib tug txiav txim zoo ntawm invisible rog swirling nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv, tab sis unclaimed nyob rau hauv dog dig lub neej.

US Humanities menyuam daim ntawv teev

Nyeem daim ntawv teev Brodsky nyob lub kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tub ntxhais Americans. Lawv thawj kawm los ntawm Dzhona Dyui system, lawv muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm sab nraud xav, lub peev xwm los critically soj ntsuam kev tshwm sim. Tab sis Iosif Aleksandrovich tsis paub txog qhov no system. Thaum tus thawj zaj lus qhia uas nws muab nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv impressive daim ntawv teev cov luv luv qhia adherents tias tom ntej no ob xyoos ntawm lawv lub neej yuav tsum muaj nplooj siab xav no canon.

Tseeb, pib nrog tus neeg zoo tshaj daim ntawv teev cov canonical phau ntawv Brodsky nyeem thiab xaus artistic hauj lwm 70-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo.

Obviously, qhov no daim ntawv teev yuav muab ntxiv rau hnub no txoj kev kawm ntawv. Ntawm cov hiav txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tshwm txhua txhua xyoo thiab nyob rau hauv abundance rau lub rhawv, koj yuav tsum xaiv ib phau ntawv, muaj ib tug real artistic tus nqi. Nco qab tias lub ntsiab rau kev no yuav tsum yog ib tug paub txog cov lus, skillfully txhais los ntawm Brodsky.

Txheem Brodsky daim ntawv teev. "Bhavati Gita", "Mahabharata"

Iosifa Brodskogo daim ntawv teev pib nrog "bhavati-Gita" (Vaj tswv song). Tus nqi ntawm no ua hauj lwm cov lus dag nyob rau hauv nws ua kom pom tseeb rau ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg sab ntsuj plig. Nws yuav pab nws kom daws tau qhov thawj lo lus nug: "Leej twg yog kuv?", Muaj txhawb rau kev kawm tau ntawm cov internal mob tsim nyog mus cuag sab ntsuj plig qhov tseem ceeb. Lub "bhavati Gita" muaj ua los ntawm txhua txhua hnub lub neej rau sab ntsuj plig lub neej, thiab yog zoo txuas nrog kev muaj tiag.

Qhov thib ob ua hauj lwm uas hais txog ib tug daim ntawv teev cov tseem ceeb nyeem ntawv Brodsky, yog lub "Mahabharata". Nws captures lub epic, reflecting cov teeb meem ntawm cov kev sib raug essence ntawm tus neeg, qhov ratio ntawm nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab txoj hmoov (hmoo). Mahabharata, nyob rau hauv ib tes, zoo siab txais tos lub unselfishness, thiab nrog lwm - kaw tag renunciation ntawm cov kev pab cuam ntawm ib tus kheej xwm.

Phau qub

Iosif Aleksandrovich nyob rau hauv peb txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov sab saum toj cov phau ntawv, qhib tus naas ej Brodsky daim ntawv teev hais cov vaj lug kub ntawm cov ntseeg thiab cov neeg Yudais - Qub Testament. Raws li koj paub, nws yog Ameslikas sau nyob rau hauv Hebrew. Central philosophical thiab ideological ib feem ntawm nws yog lub Sinai lus cog tseg - lub luag num tswj los ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas cov neeg Ixayees, uas ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub Torah (kev cai lij choj rau tua).

Muaj ib daim ntawv teev kom paub kws sau paj lug thiab tuaj sau rau peb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj bestseller - ib tug phau ntawv hais txog tus hero ntawm tag nrho cov ancient ntiaj teb no, adventurer, kev vam meej thiab charismatic huab tais Gilmageshe.

ancient cov ntaub ntawv

Daim ntawv teev cov Brodsky - ib tug voluminous daim ntawv teev cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau txwv kom muab zais. Cov kws sau paj lug yog tsis yog thawj tug uas tau npaj xws li ib tug daim ntawv teev. Paub daim ntawv teev cov Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo ntau kuas nyob rau chronology ntawm tej yam nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev nyeem ntawv. Sau raws li Yauxej Alexandrovich aims txhawb nqa tau lawv "yooj yim kev sib tham."

Cia li tshaj rau sab ntsuj plig tej hauj lwm, raws li lub logic ntawm Brodsky, yuav tsum nyob ib ncig ntawm ib ntu ntawm ancient cov ntaub ntawv: Sophocles, Homer, Herodotus, Horace, Mark Avrely, Aristophanes ... Qhov no daim ntawv teev yog tsis tag, nws muaj txog 20 cov npe. Brodsky nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tham piav nws kev cog lus kom tus ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no txoj kev loj hlob ntawm "ib tug nkag siab ntawm lub sij hawm." Yog li ntawd nws hu ua nws to taub txog qhov xwm ntawm lub sij hawm thiab nws cov cawv rau tib neeg.

Vim li cas thiaj ntau xim them Greek thiab Roman ntaub ntawv Iosif Aleksandrovich? Nws yog tsis muaj daim card uas nyob rau hauv phau ntawv sau voj voog nws twb hu ua Roman. Yog li ntawd kuv txaus siab rau conceptualized thiab liberating txawj daim npog qhov ncauj. Sib cav txog lub Soviet Union, nws euphemistically hu ua nws "Rome".

Sib sib zog nqus tau taub ntawm cov essence ntawm lub faj tim teb chaws (lub cult pe hawm tus ntawd yog Xixas, despotic hwj chim) yog peculiar rau nws, qhia nws tus kheej nrog lub disgraced thiab exiled kws sau paj lug Ovid.

Yog li muaj tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas los ntawm lub Soviet (Roman) cov tub ceev xwm, raws li intellectuals, muab tso rau mus nrog cov tsis muaj txoj kev ywj pheej.

Brodsky daim ntawv teev muaj vosled rau antique phau ntawv ob peb sib law liag blocks. Tom ntej no - cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Renaissance. Nthuav phau ntawv Fransua Rable thiab Dante Alighieri, ib tug tub rog ntawm platonic kev hlub.

Western thiab Lavxias teb sab paj huam

Tus tom ntej thaiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no rau sab hnub poob European ntaub ntawv lub bourgeois kev tsim thiab Lavxias teb sab paj huam ntawm lub nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog. Tus sau phau ntawv xaiv nrog saj, raws li lawv lub peev xwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov zajlus cuab yeej cuab tam:

• Lavxias teb sab Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam, Nikolay Zabolotsky, Vladislav Khodasevich;
• British thiab American Thomas Hardy, Tomas Eliot, Robert Frost, Marianna Mur, Uisten Oden, Elizabeth Npis Sov;
• German: Rainer Rilke, Ingeborg Bachmann, Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn;
• Mev: Federico Garcia Lorca, Antonio Machado, Rafael Alberti, Juan Ramon Himenos;
• Polish: Zbigniew Herbert, Czeslaw Milosz, Leopold neeg ua hauj lwm, Wislawa Szymborska;
• Fabkis: Zhyul Syupervel, Blez Sandrar, Giyom Apolliner, Maks Zhakob, Anri Misho;
• Greek: Giorgos Seferis, Konstantin Kavafis, Yannis Ritsos;
• Swedish: Harry Martinson, Gunnar Ekellef.

xaus

Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, lub resonance ua ib daim ntawv teev Brodsky. Xyuas ntawm phau ntawv no lovers yog unanimous nyob rau hauv hais tias daim ntawv no yog yeej tsim nyog ntawm cov xim, raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus Brodsky.

Thiab tsis sib haum tshwm sim. Cov txawj nyeem ntawv sib tw lub feasibility ntawm kev nyeem ntawv ib tug loj array ntawm ancient cov ntaub ntawv. Lwm tus teb hais tias tus nqi ntawm ancient cov ntaub ntawv yog nyias (tam sim no yog li ntawd tsis txhob sau) cov elaboration ntawm tib neeg kev sib raug zoo.

Muaj ntau cov txawj nyeem ntawv lus yog formal. Ib tug neeg txiav ntaqwm uas ntxwv "bhavati Gita" yog ib feem ntawm lub "Mahabharata". Leej twg xav lub authenticity ntawm daim ntawv teev, piav qhia txog nws txoj hauj lwm los ntawm qhov kuaj nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm ntawm Nikolai Klyuev, tib neeg anti-Semitic thiab propartiynoy orientation.

Mus sum txog, nws muaj nqis ntsoov teev cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: ib phau ntawv los ntawm daim ntawv teev cov Brodsky tau txais kev pab raws li stepping-pob zeb mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm Yauxej Alexandrovich. Nws yog lawv txoj kev mus rau lub khiav ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov paj huam Brodsky muaj nws nyeem ib daim ntawv teev.

Rau leej twg nws yog ib yam uas cov tswv yim muaj nuj nqis? Tsis yog txhua txhua tus neeg muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb philological thiab txawj kawm ntawv. Tab sis ib co ntawm lawv muab zais poetic los yog prosaic txuj ci. Yuav ua li cas mus nres nws? Cov cuab teb yog yuav tsum tau nyeem ntau yam zoo phau ntawv. Thiab los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev cov Brodsky - tsis yog ib tug phem kev xaiv pib.