Dmitry Merezhkovsky: biography. Kwv huam, Quotes

Merezhkovskiy Dmitriy Sergeevich yug nyob rau hauv 1866 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nws txiv tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug me me palace official. Dmitry Merezhkovsky nrog 13 xyoo pib sau paj huam. Ob xyoos tom qab, raws li ib tug schoolboy, nws mus xyuas nws txiv F. M. Dostoevskogo. Qhov zoo txawj sau ntawv pom kwv huam muaj zog, budding sau hais tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sau tau zoo, koj yuav tsum raug kev txom nyem. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm Merezhkovsky Dmitry Sergeyevich tau ntsib nrog Nadson. Thaum xub thawj, nws xyaum nws nyob rau hauv nws cov kwv huam, thiab los ntawm nws thawj mus rau hauv cov zajlus milieu.

Cov tsos ntawm thawj sau los ntawm cov kwv huam

Nyob rau hauv 1888 nws luam tawm thawj sau los ntawm Merezhkovsky, hu ua tsuas - "Kwv huam". Cov kws sau paj lug no yog ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv Nadson. Txawm li cas los, raws li sau tseg los ntawm Vyacheslav Bryusov, Dmitry Merezhkovsky tam sim ntawd tau coj ib tug neeg sab nraud laus, pib mus tham txog txoj kev kaj siab thiab lub zog, tsis zoo li lwm paj huam, suav hais tias nws tus kheej ib tug thwj tim ntawm Nadson, uas "whined" rau lawv tsis muaj zog thiab timelessness.

Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv universities, fascination positivism philosophy

Dmitry txij li thaum 1884 kawm nyob rau ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Moscow universities, Keeb kwm thiab Philology. Thaum lub sij hawm no Merezhkovsky ua xav nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm positivism, thiab ua phooj ywg nrog cov neeg ua hauj lwm, "Northern Herald", raws li G. Uspensky, Korolenko, V. Garshin, yog li pib to taub ib tug populist txoj hauj lwm teeb meem txojkev cov haiv neeg. Mob siab rau rau no, li cas los xij, yog luv luv-nyob. Acquaintance nrog cov paj huam ntawm Vladimir Soloviev thiab cov European Symbolists ho hloov lub outlook ntawm lub kws sau paj lug. Dmitry tsis kam "huab materialism" thiab mus los ntawm lub symbolism.

Sib yuav rau Z. Gippius

Dmitry Merezhkovsky, raws li sau tseg los ntawm contemporaries, yog ib tug heev reserved txiv neej, tsis kam qhia rau hauv lawv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm lwm tus neeg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tseem ceeb yog lub xyoo 1889 rau nws. Nws twb ces Merezhkovsky sib yuav. Nws fiancee - ib tug poetess Zinaida Gippius. Cov kws sau paj lug nyob nrog nws nyob rau hauv '52 thiab tsis tawm rau ib hnub twg. Qhov no muaj tswv yim thiab sab ntsuj plig union ntawm nws tus poj niam tau piav nyob rau hauv lub tiav phau ntawv muaj cai "Dmitry Merezhkovsky". Zinaida yog ib tug "generator" ntawm cov tswv yim, thiab Dmitry npaj thiab tsim lawv nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm.

Mus ncig teb chaws, neeg txhais lus thiab kawm txog symbolism

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1880s thiab 1890s. Lawv cov kwv tij ib tug ntau mus txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Dmitry txhais los ntawm Latin thiab ancient Greek qee, thiab kuj ua raws li ib tug critic, luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xws li "Ua hauj lwm", "Lavxias teb sab Review", "Northern Herald".

Merezhkovsky nyob rau hauv 1892, muab ib tug qhuab qhia, uas tau muab rau cov thawj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm symbolism. Cov kws sau paj lug thov hais tias Impressionism, cov lus ntawm cov cim thiab "mystical ntsiab lus" yuav cuag "artistic sensibility" ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Sau los ntawm "Cim" nyob ua ntej tus hais lus. Nws muab lub npe ntawm ib tug tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv cov paj huam.

"Tshiab Kwv huam"

"Tshiab Kwv huam" - thib peb phau ntawv tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1896. Merezhkovsky outlook hloov txij li thaum 1899. Nws pib yuav tsum tau xav nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg Vajtswv, tej teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau cov catholic lub tsev teev ntuj. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Merezhkovsky" G. Adamovich nco tias thaum qhov kev sib tham nrog Dmitry twb animated, ntxov los yog tom qab nws hloov mus rau tib lub ntsiab lus - tus nqi thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub Moo Zoo.

Kev cai dab qhuas-philosophical cov rooj sib tham

Dmitriya Merezhkovskogo tus poj niam nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm 1901 npaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb lub zej lub zos ntawm cov neeg philosophy thiab kev ntseeg los sib tham txog cov kab lis kev cai thiab lub tsev teev ntuj. Yog li ntawd muaj kev cai dab qhuas thiab philosophical los ua ke, nto moo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem. Lub ntsiab lub ntsiab lus yog lawv assertion tias tsuas yog ib tug kev cai dab qhuas hauv paus yuav tsum accomplished lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm Russia. Kom txog rau thaum cov rooj sib tham coj qhov chaw kom txog rau thaum 1903, nrog rau cov kev tso cai ntawm KP Pobedonostsev, Procurator ntawm lub Synod. Lawv coj ib feem nyob rau hauv lawv thiab cov txiv plig. Txawm hais tias nws twb tsis txais cov ntseeg Vajtswv "Peb Testament", lub siab xav ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm peb lub teb chaws los tsim ib tug tshiab kev cai dab qhuas haiv neeg nws yog tseeb thiab ze contemporaries.

Ua hauj lwm rau lub keeb kwm prose

Dmitry Merezhkovsky, uas nws biography peb xav nyob rau hauv, ua hauj lwm ntau heev nyob rau hauv keeb kwm prose. Nws tsim, piv txwv li, lub trilogy ntawm "Tswv Yexus thiab Antichrist", lub tswv yim yooj yim uas yog cov nriaj ntawm ob ntsiab cai - cov ntseeg thiab pagan, thiab nyob rau hauv hu rau ib tug tshiab Christianity nyob rau hauv uas "lub ntiajteb no saum ntuj ceeb tsheej" thiab "ntiaj teb los ntawm saum ntuj ceeb tsheej."

Nyob rau hauv 1896, muaj ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm "Cov tuag lub Gods." - tus thawj tshiab lub trilogy. Qhov thib ob yog ib feem twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1901 ( "Sawv Rov Los Gods. Leonardo da Vinci"). Kawg tshiab hu ua "Antichrist. Peter thiab Alex," tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1905.

"Sau los ntawm cov kwv huam"

Plaub sau "sau los ntawm cov kwv huam", twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1909. Tshiab kwv huam nyob rau hauv nws ob peb, yog li phau ntawv no yog theej ib tug anthology. Txawm li cas los, ib qho kev xaiv ntawm tej hauj lwm ua los ntawm Merezhkovsky, muab tus sau los ntawm niaj hnub thiab novelty. Nws muaj tsuas ua hauj lwm uas hais tias tau hloov views ntawm tus sau. Nrhiav ib tug tshiab ntsiab lus qub paj huam.

Merezhkovsky cov kawm paj huam twb dheev teem ib sab. Nws zoo kawg li, nyob rau hauv uas hais txog nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tag nrho mus ob peb vas, thaum Alexander BLOK, Andrei Bely, K. Balmont, txawm kov lub "hlawv" cov pej xeem, hais lus mas hais txog nws tus kheej, hais txog nws tus kheej tus cwj pwm ntawm lawv. Thiab Dmitry txawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau intimate confessions qhia universal txoj kev xav, kev cia siab thiab kev txom nyem.

tshiab tej hauj lwm

Merezhkovskys nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1906 tsiv mus rau Paris thiab nyob muaj mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab-1908. Nyob rau hauv kev sib koom tes nrog D. Filosofov thiab Z. Gippius Merezhkovsky nyob rau hauv 1907 nws luam tawm phau ntawv "Le Tsar thiab la kiv puag ncig". Nws kuj pib lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub trilogy, "Lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov tsiaj nyaum" raws li lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th - thaum ntxov 19th centuries. Dmitry tom qab thawj zaug yog ib feem ntawm lub trilogy (nyob rau hauv 1908) twb raug foob. Nyob rau hauv 1913 muaj ib tug thib ob yog ib feem ntawm nws ( "Alexander kuv"). Qhov kawg dab neeg - "14 Hlis ntuj nqeg" - luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1918, Dmitry Merezhkovsky.

"Mob Russia" - ib phau ntawv uas nyob rau hauv 1910. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov khoom uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1908 thiab 1909. nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "hais lus".

Phau ntawv ib tug sib koom tes Wolff muab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1911 mus 1913. 17-volume sau los ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, thiab Sytin nyob rau hauv xyoo 1914 no muab ib tug plaub-volume. Mus rau hauv ntau yam lus Merezhkovski prose tau raug txhais, nws yog nrov heev nyob rau cov teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv Russia, Dmitry Sergeyevich tej hauj lwm twb raug nruj censorship - cov txawj sau ntawv hais lus tawm tsam cov nom Koom Txoos thiab lub autocracy.

Kev sib raug zoo Bolshevism

Merezhkovskys nyob rau hauv 1917 tseem nyob rau hauv Russia. Poet ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm lub kiv puag ncig twb pom nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm "yuav los tom ntej ntawm Ham." Ib me ntsis tom qab, tom qab nyob ob xyoo nyob rau hauv Soviet Russia, nws twb paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim uas Bolshevism - ib tug ncaj ncees kab mob, uas yog ib lub txim ntawm lub ntsoog ntawm European Culture. Merezhkovskys vam hais tias qhov no tsoom fwv yuav puastsuaj lauj, tab sis tom qab kev kawm txog lub yeej ntawm Denikin nyob rau hauv sab qab teb thiab Kolchak nyob rau hauv Siberia, txiav txim siab los tawm Petrograd.

Dmitry nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1919, yeej muaj txoj cai los nyeem nws lectures nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub Red Army. Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1920, nws thiab nws tus poj niam tau tsiv mus rau lub chaw uas zoo heev, uas tau nyob los ntawm cov teb chaws Poland. Poet lectured nyob rau hauv Minsk rau Lavxias teb sab emigrants. Merezhkovskys nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj tsiv mus rau Warsaw. Ntawm no lawv muaj kev koom koom nyob rau hauv nom tswv kev ua ub no. Thaum Poland kos npe rau ib thaj yeeb treaty nrog Russia, thiab nws tus poj niam twb ntxias hais tias "Lavxias teb sab ua lag ua luam" nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws mus rau qhov kawg, lawv tau mus rau Paris. Merezhkovskys tswm nyob rau hauv ib tug tsev teej tug mus rau lawv txij thaum pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm. Ntawm no lawv tsim cov laus hu thiab tsim tshiab nrog Lavxias teb sab emigres.

Mus txawv teb chaws, lub hauv paus "Green Teeb"

Dmitry Merezhkovsky twb xav mus xav txog mus txawv teb chaws raws li ib co zoo ntawm messianism. Nws xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig "neeg tsav tsheb" uas yog txawv teb chaws intelligentsia. Merezhkovskys ncaav kev cai dab qhuas-philosophical thiab kev sau ntawv haiv neeg nyob rau hauv 1927 "Ntsuab teeb". Nws tus thawj tswj hwm yog Mr. Ivanov. "Ntsuab teeb" tau ua si ib tug muaj koob lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse lub neej ntawm cov thawj yoj ntawm mus txawv teb chaws, thiab koom qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab txawv teb chaws txawj ntse. Thaum lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II pib, lub tuam txhab lawm lub rooj sib tham (nyob rau hauv 1939).

Merezhkovskys nyob rau hauv 1927 nrhiav tau lub "New Deal" - ib tug magazine, lasted tsuas yog ib xyoo. Lawv kuj tau koom nyob rau hauv thawj congress ntawm sau ntawv-emigrants los ntawm Russia, nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1928 nyob rau hauv Belgrade (nws tau tsim tsa lub Yugoslav tsoom fwv). Merezhkovsky nyob rau hauv 1931 yog cov contenders rau lub Nobel nqi zog, tab sis nws yog Ivan Bunin.

Kev them nyiaj yug rau Hitler

Merezhkovskys disliked nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xov xwm. Heev yog lom zem ntau vim lawv cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm Hitler, uas ciali mus rau lawv ib tug tsoom fwv ntau tau tshaj li tus Stalin regime. Merezhkovsky nyob rau hauv lub lig 1930 lub los ua xav nyob rau hauv kev siab phem, txawm tau ntsib nrog ib qho ntawm nws cov thawj coj - Mussolini. Nws pom Hitler raws li ib tug Cawm Seej ntawm Lavxias teb sab communism, yog suav hais tias "kev coj tsis ncaj kab mob". Tom qab lub teb chaws Yelemees rov cov USSR, Dmitry ua tus German xov tooj cua. Nws hais tias nws "Bolshevism thiab Noob neej", nyob rau hauv uas nws muab piv Hitler nrog Joan of Arc. Merezhkovsky hais tias tus thawj coj muaj peev xwm cawm tib neeg los ntawm lub siab phem communist. Tom qab qhov kev nthuav qhia, tag nrho cov tau tig mus los ntawm lawv cov txij nkawm.

tuag Merezhkovski

10 hnub ua ntej txoj hauj lwm ntawm Paris los ntawm cov Germans nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1940, Zinaida Gippius thiab Dmitry Merezhkovsky tsiv mus rau Biarritz nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis. Hlis ntuj nqeg 9, 1941 Dmitry tuag nyob rau hauv Paris.

Collections ntawm cov paj huam Merezhkovsky

Peb hais lus luv luv hais txog dab tsi paj huam collections tsim Dmitry Merezhkovsky. Cov phau ntawv no, Txawm li cas los, yog tsim nyog ntxiv rau lawv kom tsis txhob. Txhua lub 4 collections ntawm cov kwv huam heev yam ntxwv.

"Kwv huam" (1888) - ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv uas txawm ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug apprentice Nadson Dmitry Merezhkovsky. Quotations los ntawm nws, tsim nyog ntawm cov xim muaj xws li cov nram qab no:

"Tsis txhob saib tsis taus cov neeg coob coob! Siab phem thiab npau taws

Mockery tsis txhob stigmatize lawv tu siab thiab xav tau kev pab. "

Qhov no yog ib tug kab los ntawm ib qho ntawm feem yam ntxwv kwv huam nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no. Cuaj kaum, los ntawm cov nyuam Dmitry muaj peev xwm coj ib tug neeg sab nraud laus. Raws li peb tau sau tseg, nws hais txog lub hwj chim thiab kev xyiv fab. Nws cov kwv huam yog pompous, rhetorical, txawm li cas los, thiab nws yog yus li associates Nadson ntshai tsam feem ntau yog rhetoric, tab sis nws siv nws nyob rau hauv ib tug me ntsis txawv guise, tej zaum excessively. Merezhkovsky yog tig mus rau rhetoric rau sonority, thiab qhov kev ci ntawm nws rhuav ntsiag to, tsis muaj kob nag tshauv, uas twb qhwv lub neej ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub 1880s.

"Cim" - lub thib ob phau ntawv ntawm cov kwv huam, sau nyob rau hauv 1892. Nws yog notable rau lub versatility. Ntawm no yog lub ancient qee thiab Pushkin, Baudelaire thiab Edgar Allan Poe, Frantsisk Assizsky thiab lub ancient Rome, lub nroog ntawm paj huam thiab kev txom nyem ntawm txhua txhua hnub. Txhua yam uas sau tag nrho cov phau ntawv, tag nrho cov hlwb yuav siv sij hawm 10-15 xyoos, tau raug teem nyob rau hauv no sau. "Cim" - ib phau ntawv premonitions. Dmitry twb paub lwm nres, ntau vibrant era. Nws muab cov tsos Titanic kev tshwm sim uas tau tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm nws ( "Los, tshiab cov yaj saub!").

"Tshiab Kwv huam" - peb sau los ntawm cov kwv huam, sau nyob rau hauv 1896. Nws yog ntau npaum li cas nqaim nyob rau hauv uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej tshaj yav dhau los, tab sis ntau npaum li cas sharper. Ntawm no complacency "cim" tau ua ib qhov kev txhawj xeeb thiab mob siab heev lyricism nyob rau hauv cov kwv huam dhau objectivity. Merezhkovsky xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ib tug "lub cim" ib tug tub qhe "uas lub gods." Tab sis los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm "Tshiab Kwv huam" nws nws tus kheej renounced cov gods, hais txog nws cov associates thiab ntawm nws tus kheej: "peb lub siab tawv hais lus ...."

"Sau los ntawm cov kwv huam" - kawg, plaub sau (1909). Muaj ob peb tshiab cov kwv huam, yog li cov phau ntawv, raws li peb tau sau tseg, yog theej ib tug anthology. Merezhkovsky nws hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nws muaj leej twg paub ib yam nkaus thiab nkig hniav "boldness" thiab devoid ntawm deity xwm kab "ntiaj teb no kab lis kev cai". Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg Vajtswv, nws xav mus nrhiav tsis tau tsuas yog kev nplij siab, tab sis kuj yog ib tug ua tsov rog. Tag nrho cov kwv huam nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no yog imbued nrog lub siab xav ntawm txoj kev ntseeg.