"Lub gulag Archipelago" - lub tsis txawj tuag ua hauj lwm ntawm Solzhenitsyn

Tsab xov xwm 58 ntawm lub txim txhaum Code thiaj li muaj ntau txoj kev cai-nom tswv teev tseg cov pej xeem ntawm lub RSFSR zibntab lub neej. Yam tsawg kawg plaub lab nom tswv neeg raug kaw nyob rau hauv lub Stalin era tau ntsib nrog tus zoo ntawm concentration camps - gulags. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias feem ntau ntawm lawv tsis muaj cai counter-revolutionary kev ua ub no. Txawm li cas los, nws yog txawm xam tau tias yog ib tug me nyuam "txhaum" xws li tsis zoo luj xyuas ntawm tej politician.

Kws ntawv Alexander Solzhenitsyn yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas tau ntsib nrog hnyav tsib caug yim tsab xov xwm. Rau cov nqi ntawm "counter" coj nws cov tsiaj ntawv nws twb tau xa tau mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm koj cov phooj ywg thiab cov txheeb ze. Lawv feem ntau tam sim no veiled thuam ntawm Stalin, uas Ampere hu ua "tillage". Lawm, hais tias censorship xws tsiaj ntawv yuav tsis nco. Ntxiv mus, nws yog tiag xav nyob rau hauv lawv. Soviet counterintelligence puas tau raug ntes ib tug freethinker. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws poob qib ntawm tus tauj ncov loj, rau 8 xyoo nyuaj zog tsis muaj cai rov qab los ntawm exile. Nws yog nws leej twg txiav txim siab los qhib rau ib feem ntawm lub Stalinist Penal system, sau ntawv tsis txawj tuag phau ntawv "Lub gulag Archipelago." Peb yuav to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub npe, thiab dab tsi yog cov ntsiab lus.

Lub gulag Archipelago - ib tug system uas interconnects txhiab ntawm Soviet Penal tsev. Ntau, tab sis raws li ib co lus ceeb toom, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg raug kaw los ntawm ib tug loj loj punitive dab - nom tswv neeg raug kaw. Raws li Solzhenitsyn sau, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv yog cov tseem nyob rau theem uas nws raug ntes hlub ib tug vain npau suav hais tias lawv cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum ua tib zoo xam tau tias yog, thiab cov nqi tawm tsam lawv yuav tsum poob. Thiab sbytochnoy xws duab kos tau tshwm lawv ntseeg uas muaj teeb meem, twb poob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis yog li ntawd tej thaj chaw deb. "Political arrests tau distinguished los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias dawb huv cov neeg raug noj thiab lawv muaj peev xwm tsis tau thaum nws," - said Solzhenitsyn. Tus sau piav qhia txog ib co ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws cov kwj ntawm cov neeg raug kaw: lub dispossession ntawm tus neeg (1929-1930) uas raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tsuj nyob rau hauv 1937, raws li tau zoo raws li cov neeg uas tau nyob rau hauv German captivity (1944-1946). Lub gulag Archipelago hospitably qhib lub rooj vag rau nplua nuj teb, cov pov thawj thiab tag nrho cov tibneeg ncaj ncees, intellectuals, professors. Hais txog Stalin lub punitive machinery ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees xwb hais tias cov mere hav zoov kev pab them nqi rau tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg raug txim (uas yog feem ntau qhia nyob rau hauv round numbers). Lawv, ntawm chav kawm, "NKVD" mob siab overfulfilled.

tsim txom

Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm Solzhenitsyn phau ntawv yog mob siab rau lo lus nug no: Yog vim li cas puas tau raug ntes yuav luag ib txwm kos npe "priznanki", txawm yog hais tias lawv txhaum tsis nyob ua ib ke nyob rau hauv cov txaus ntshai xyoo? Cov lus teb yeej tsis tawm tus nyeem ntawv tsis muaj ab tsi. Tus sau teev cov tsis yog neeg tsim txom uas tau siv nyob rau hauv lub "lub cev." Sau incredibly wide - los ntawm ib tug yooj yim txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tham rau qhov kev raug mob mus rau lub genitals. Koj yuav tau hais txog cov neeg pw tsaug zog deprivation rau ob peb hnub, khob tawm cov hniav, tsim txom los ntawm hluav taws ... Tus sau, paub txog qhov essence ntawm Stalin lub infernal tshuab nug txawj nyeem ntawv tsis tau txiav txim rau cov uas, tsis tau dais cov tsim txom, pom zoo nrog txhua yam nws twb them. Tab sis muaj ib yam dab tsi pohlesche self-incrimination. So ntawm nws lub neej quaj los kuamuag vim tu siab, cov neeg uas yuav tsis sawv, thiab thuam lawv tus zoo phooj ywg los yog cov txheeb ze. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj kuj heev siab tawv, tus, neeg tsis tau tso npe dab tsi.

Lub hwj chim thiab tus ntawm lub "NKVD"

tub ceev xwm ua hauj lwm feem ntau yog tiag tiag careerists. Txheeb cais "txhaum nrhiav kom tau" cog lus rau lawv tshiab ibyam ntau dua cov nyiaj hli. Siv nws lub hwj chim, kev ruaj ntseg ua hauj lwm feem ntau tso cai rau lawv tus kheej los tos koj nyiam chav tsev thiab nce cov poj niam. Cov neeg ua haujlwm 'kev ruaj ntseg rog "yuav yooj yim ntxuav tawm ntawm txoj kev ntawm lawv cov yeeb ncuab. Tab sis lawv lawv tus kheej tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus ntshai kev ua si. Tsis muaj leej twg lawv tau tsis tau tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm cov nqi ntawm treason, kev ua phem, espionage. Piav txog lub cev, Solzhenitsyn ua npau suav li no, ib tug ncaj ncees lub tsev hais plaub.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv tsev rau txim

Sau ntawm "Lub gulag Archipelago" hais txog tag nrho cov vicissitudes ntawm tsev lojcuj. Txhua lub cell yuav tsum tau ua ib qho tus qhia xwm. Txawm li cas los, cov neeg raug kaw sai sai kawm kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov neeg zoo li. Qhov tseeb coj mus rau lub stealth inhabitants lag. Tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv nkuaj noj haus - gruel, dub khob cij thiab kub dej. Ntawm pleasures thiab me me pleasures twb chess, mus taug kev, nyeem cov phau ntawv. Solzhenitsyn phau ntawv "Lub gulag Archipelago" qhia rau tus nyeem ntawv lub yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov pawg ntawm cov neeg raug kaw - nyob rau hauv lub "kulaks" mus rau "criminals". Nws kuj qhia txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cellmates, qee zaum nyuaj heev.

Txawm li cas los, tsis tsuas hais txog lub neej nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj, sau Solzhenitsyn. "Lub gulag Archipelago" - nws tseem yog ib tug ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm lub RSFSR txoj cai. Tus sau li qhia siv kuj piv cov system nrog tus me nyuam ntawm Soviet kev ncaj ncees, thiab kev ncaj ncees, thaum nws yog tseem undeveloped (1917-1918); nrog cov tub ntxhais cov txiv neej (1919-1921) thiab nrog ib tug paub tab txiv neej thaum pw tawm ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav cov ntsiab lus.