Lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov leej faj

Sulfur - haum ntau nyob rau hauv cov xwm tshuaj caij (thib kaum rau cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab lub thib rau - nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso dej). Muaj ob haiv neeg cov leej faj (free xeev caij) thiab nws cov kev sib txuas.

Sulfur nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tej yam ntuj tso leej faj minerals yuav tsum tau hu ua hlau pyrite, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. Cov dej hiav txwv muaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm calcium sulphate, magnesium thiab sodium yuav ua rigidity ntawm tej yam ntuj tso dej.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau leej faj?

Extraction ntawm cov leej faj ore ua los ntawm txawv txoj kev. Lub ntsiab txoj kev leej faj yog nws smelting ncaj qha nyob rau hauv situ.

Qhib tsuas txoj kev yuav siv cov excavators, tshem pov tseg pob zeb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg uas npog sulfuric ore. Tom qab crushing lub ore leeg bursts ncaj qha mus rau lawv seroplavilny nroj tsuag.

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, sulfur yog tau raws li ib tug byproduct ntawm dab nyob rau hauv furnaces rau melting, nyob refining. Nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau, nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso roj (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov leej faj dioxide los yog hydrogen sulfide), cov extraction uas yog tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov khoom siv. Daig roj los ntawm cov leej faj yog siv nyob rau hauv zoo tshuaj kev lag luam raws li raw cov ntaub ntawv rau zus tau tej cov ntau yam khoom.

Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm yuav npaj los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso thiab leej faj dioxide. Ua li no, siv tus qauv Claus. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm "leej faj qho to" nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug leej faj Degassing. Cov no ib tug hloov cov leej faj yog lug siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm asphalt.

Basic allotropic kev hloov kho cov leej faj

Sulfur xam qhovkev allotropy. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm allotropic kho. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov orthorhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (rab koob) thiab yas sulfur. Thawj ob hloov yog ruaj khov, peb thaum lub sij hawm solidification yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug rhombic.

Lub cev thaj chaw uas tuab leej faj

Molecules ntawm orthorhombic (α-S) thiab monoclinic (β-S) muaj kev hloov kho rau 8 leej faj atoms, uas yog kev cob cog rua nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw lub voj los ntawm ib covalent bonds.

Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, sulfur muaj ib tug rhombic kev hloov kho. Nws yog ib tug daj crystalline khoom nrog ib tug ntom ntawm 2,07 g / cm ^3. Nws melts ntawm 113 ° C. Monoclinic leej faj ceev yog 1,96 g / cm ^3, nws melting kub yog 119,3 ° C.

Thaum melting leej faj nce nyob rau hauv volume thiab yuav daj kua uas puv xim av ntawm 160 ° C thiab hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug khov tsaus xim av loj thaum muaj txog 190 ° C. Thaum kub saum toj no cov nqi no cov leej faj viscosity tsawg. Thaum txog 300 ° C nws dua yuav ua kua flowable lub xeev. Qhov no yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub cua sov yog polymerized leej faj, nrog ua kub ua saw ntev. Thiab thaum tus nqi ntawm cov kub tshaj 190 ° C muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm polymerized units.

Thaum cua txias lub yaj leej faj lawm tsim nyob rau hauv cylindrical crucibles thiaj li hu ua pob leej faj - rhombic muaju loj qhov ntev, muaj ib tug distorted zoo ntawm octahedrons nrog tej "txiav" sawv los ntawm cov ces kaum.

Yog hais tias lub molten khoom raug quenching (e.g., los ntawm kev siv dej txias), nws tseem tau mus nrhiav tau ib lub hnab yas leej faj, yog ib tug resilient rubbery loj xim av los yog tsaus xim liab, nrog ib tug ntom ntawm 2,046 g / cm ^3. Qhov no hloov kho, tsis zoo li lub orthorhombic thiab monoclinic yog tsis ruaj tsis khov. Maj mam (tshaj ob peb teev), nws hloov xim daj, yuav nkig thiab koj lem mus rau hauv ib tug rhombic.

Thaum khov leej faj vapor (kub heev) kua nitrogen ntaub ntawv purpurea nws kev hloov kho, uas yog ruaj khov ntawm txias rau hauv qab no Rho tawm 80 ° C.

Lub aqueous nruab nrab yog suab insoluble sulfur. Txawm li cas los nws yus muaj los ntawm zoo solubility nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents. Tsis xyuas pib ntawm hluav taws xob thiab tshav kub.

Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm cov leej faj yog 444,6 ° C. Boiling txheej txheem nrog liberation ntawm txiv kab ntxwv-daj pa muaj feem ntawm S ₈ molecules uas dissociate raws li qhov tom ntej cua sov, ua rau tsim ntawm equilibrium ntaub ntawv S _6, S ₄ thiab S _2. Ntxiv mus, thaum rhuab decomposes loj molecules, thiab nyob ib tug kub saum toj no 900 degrees officers muaj yeej tseem zoo ntawm S ₂ molecules _dissociate rau hauv atoms ntawm 1500 ° C.

Yuav ua li cas muaj ib tug leej faj tshuaj zog?

Sulfur yog ib tug raug uas tsis yog-hlau. Sib active. Oxidation - txo thaj chaw ntawm cov leej faj yog pom nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau ib tug plurality hais. Thaum rhuab, nws yuav muab tau yooj yim kev cob cog rua nrog yuav luag txhua tus hais, uas piav txog nws yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm nws yog xim hlau ores. Qhov kos yog Pt, Au, kuv _2, N ₂ thiab tsis tshua muaj roj cua. Oxidation uas manifests nyob rau hauv cov leej faj tebchaw, -2, +4, + 6.

Properties leej faj thiab oxygen ua nws combustion cua. Cov tshwm sim ntawm no sis yog tus tsim ntawm cov leej faj dioxide (LI NTAWD ₂₎ thiab leej faj (LI NTAWD ₃₎ anhydrides siv los tsim sulfurous thiab sulfuric acids.

Thaum chav tsev kub, cov leej faj yuav txo tau khoom no manifested xwb nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm cov fluorine nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tas cov leej faj hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Thaum cua kub (nyob rau hauv ib tug qhuav) yog reacted nrog chlorine, phosphorus, pob zeb ntais, carbon. Lub tshua nrog hydrogen sulfide lub hydrogen tas li ntawd ntaub ntawv sulfane ua ke general mis H ₂ S _H.

Oxidative zog cai leej faj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hlau. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ib tug yuav soj ntsuam ib tug heev muaj zog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tus sis ntawm lub hlau sulfides tsim (leej faj tebchaw) thiab polysulfides (mnogosernistye co).

Heev cua sov hnov mob nrog muaj zog acids, oxidants, nyob rau lub oxidized.

Tom ntej no, xav txog lub yooj yim thaj chaw ntawm cov leej faj tebchaw.

leej faj dioxide

Sulfur oxide (IV), kuj raug xa mus rau raws li cov leej faj dioxide thiab sulfurous anhydride, yog ib cov roj (tsis muaj kob) nrog ib tug ntse suffocating tsw. Nws nyhav yuav liquefied nyob rau hauv siab ntawm chav tsev kub. Li ₂ yog ib qho acidic oxide. Nws yus muaj los ntawm ib tug zoo dej solubility. Qhov no tsim ib tug tsis muaj zog, tsis ruaj tsis khov sulfurous acid, uas tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv aqueous tov. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov leej faj dioxide nrog alkali sulfites tsim.

Nws muaj ib tug es siab tshuaj ua si. Feem ntau cov pronounced yog lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj yuav txo tau ntawm leej faj oxide (IV). Tej tshua yog nrog ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub degree ntawm cov leej faj oxidation.

Oxidative tshuaj zog manifested leej faj oxide nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm muaj zog kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj (e.g., carbon monoxide).

leej faj trioxide

Sulfur trioxide (leej faj dioxide) - lub siab tshaj plaws oxide ntawm cov leej faj (VI). Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, nws yog ib tug tsis muaj kob volatile kua muaj ib tug suffocating tsw. Nws nyhav kom khov ntawm kub tseem ceeb dua 16.9 degrees. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug sib tov ntawm ntau siv lead ua kev hloov kho ntawm cov khoom leej faj trioxide. High leej faj oxide hygroscopic zog ua nws cov "dymlenie" nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm noo cua. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsim ntawm sulfuric acid mob.

hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide yog ib tug binary tshuaj compound ntawm hydrogen thiab sulfur. H ₂ S - yog ib tug tshuaj lom tsis muaj kob roj, tus yam ntxwv nta ntawm uas yog Sweet saj thiab tsis hnov tsw ntawm lwj qe. Nws melts ntawm ib tug kub ntawm Rho tawm 86 ° C thiab boils ntawm -60 ° C. Thermally tsis ruaj tsis khov. Thaum kub tseem ceeb ntau tshaj li 400 ° C ua decomposition ntawm lub hydrogen sulfide rau S thiab H _2. Nws yus zoo solubility nyob rau hauv ethanol. Cov dej yaj tsis zoo. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev sib nrauj nyob rau hauv dej ntaub ntawv hydrogen sulfide tsis muaj zog acid. Hydrogen sulfide yog ib tug muaj zog txo neeg sawv cev.

Cov. Nyob rau hauv nws cov combustion cua yuav soj ntsuam xiav nplaim taws. Nyob rau hauv high school ntau nws yuav hnov mob nrog rau ntau cov hlau.

sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (H ₂ li ₄₎ yuav ua tau los ntawm ntau yam ntau thiab purity. Lub anhydrous xeev yog ib tug tsis muaj kob oily kua muaj tsis muaj tsw.

lub ntsuas kub ntawm uas cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog melted, yog 10 ° C. Ib kub npau npau taw tes yog 296 ° C. Cov dej yaj zoo. Thaum yaj sulfuric acid hydrates yog tsim, nrog ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm ib tug siab ntawm 760 mm hg. Art. ntau dua tshaj 100 ° C. Ua lub kub point tshwm sim nrog ua acid concentration.

Cov acid thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sis raug zoo nrog cov yooj yim oxides thiab bases. H ₂ li ₄ yog ib tug diacid, li no yuav tsim raws li sulfates (ntsev nruab nrab) thiab hydrosulfates (acidic ntsev), feem ntau ntawm uas yog soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Qhov no yog feem ntau kom meej meej manifested zog sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv redox tshua. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm H ₂ li ₄ ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm cov leej faj oxidation (6). Raws li ib qho piv txwv ces oxidative thaj chaw ntawm sulfuric acid yuav ua nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tooj liab:

• Cu + 2H ₂ li ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + li _2.

Sulfur: pab tau zog

Sulfur yog ib tug kab keeb qhov tseem ceeb rau muaj sia nyob. Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov amino acids (methionine thiab cysteine), enzymes thiab vitamins. Qhov no lub caij yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub tertiary qauv ntawm cov protein. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj bound leej faj uas muaj nyob hauv cov proteins, yog los ntawm qhov hnyav los ntawm 0.8 mus 2.4%. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog hais txog 2 grams tauj ib 1 kg ntawm qhov ceeb thawj (i.e., hais txog 0.2% ntawm cov leej faj).

Pab thaj chaw ntawm lub kab keeb yuav tsis tau overestimated. Tiv thaiv lub protoplasm ntawm cov ntshav, sulfur yog ib tug active pab rau lub cev nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam teeb meem kab mob. Nws nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov txhaws, uas yog lub caij yuav pab kom muaj nws txaus theem. Sulfur kuj plays ib tug luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tswj ib txwm theem ntawm cov kua tsib concentration ua los ntawm lub cev.

"Kev zoo nkauj mineral" nws yog feem ntau hu ua, vim hais tias nws yog tsim nyog kiag li los khaws cia rau hauv lub noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij, plaub hau thiab rau tes. Sulfur xam qhovkev muaj peev xwm los tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv ntau hom tsis zoo ib puag ncig tej yam. Nws yuav pab kom qeeb tus laus txoj kev. Sulfur ntxuav lub cev ntawm toxins thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm tawg, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb tam sim no, muab cov tam sim no ib puag ncig qhov teeb meem no.

Tsis txaus cov nqi ntawm cov ib txoj lw ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub cev yuav ua tau rau cov neeg pluag kev tshem tawm ntawm toxins, tsis tshua muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab kev loj hlob.

Sulfur - ib tug neeg ntawm cov kab mob photosynthesis. Nws yog ib feem ntawm bacteriochlorophyll thiab hydrogen sulfide - qhov ntawm hydrogen.

Sera: zog thiab daim ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam

Cov feem ntau lug siv cov leej faj rau tsim sulfuric acid. Tsis tas li ntawd lub thaj chaw ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas tso cai rau nws siv rau vulcanization ntawm roj hmab, raws li ib tug fungicide nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb thiab txawm tshuaj (colloid leej faj). Ntxiv mus, sulfur yog siv rau zus tau tej cov ntais ntawv thiab pyrotechnic compositions, nws yog ib feem ua rau lub compositions serobitumnyh seroasfalta.