Oxides, ntsev, bases, acids. Properties oxides, bases, acids, ntsev

Niaj hnub nimno tshuaj science yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm teb, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub theoretical lub moj khaum, yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tswv yim tseem ceeb, cov tswv yim. Txawm koj kov, txhua yam nyob ib ncig ntawm - cov khoom ntawm tshuaj ntau lawm. Lub ntsiab seem - yog ib tug inorganic thiab organic Science News for KIDS. Xav txog dab tsi lub ntsiab chav kawm ntawm lub tebchaw xa mus rau raws li inorganic, thiab dab tsi cov khoom uas lawv muaj.

Cov ntsiab pawg ntawm inorganic tebchaw

Rau cov neeg txais rau cov nram no:

1. Oxides.
2. Ntsev.
3. Base.
4. Acid.

Txhua yam ntawm cov hoob yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug loj ntau yam ntawm inorganic tebchaw thiab muaj ib tug nqi zoo nyob rau hauv tej qauv economic thiab muaj kev ua ub no ntawm tus txiv neej. Tag nrho cov loj zog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tebchaw, ua nyob rau hauv qhov thiab tau kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Science News for KIDS Hoob no yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv qib 8-11.

Muaj yog ib tug general rooj ntawm oxides, ntsev, bases, acids, piv txwv uas yog hais rau txhua tus ntawm cov tshuaj thiab lawv lub xeev ntawm aggregation, ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Ib tug kuj qhia tau hais tias tus sis ntawm piav txog tshuaj zog. Txawm li cas los, peb yuav xav txog txhua yam ntawm cov hoob nyias thiab nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Ib pab pawg neeg ntawm tebchaw - oxides

Oxides - ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm inorganic tebchaw muaj ob ntsiab (binary), yog ib tus uas yog ib txwm O (oxygen) los ntawm lub qis oxidation xeev -2, sawv nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov cov empirical mis compound. Piv txwv li: N ₂ O _5, Cao thiab thiaj li nyob.

Lub oxides yog dej num raws li nram qab no.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - yog tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ntsev.

II. Ntsev-txoj kev - muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ntsev (nrog rau cov hauv paus, amphoteric tebchaw nrog txhua lwm yam acids).

1. Acid - thaum muab tso rau hauv dej rau acids. Nonmetals feem ntau tsim nyob rau los yog co nrog ib tug high school cov CO (oxidation).
2. Ntsiab - daim ntawv puag thaum cov dej nkag mus rau. Tsim hlau caij.
3. Amphoteric - qhia acid-puag ob xwm, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob. Tsim txoj kev hloov hlau.
4. Mixed - feem ntau xa mus rau ntsev thiab tsim ntsiab nyob rau hauv ob peb oxidation lub xeev.

Dua oxide - yog ib tug oxide, nyob rau ntawm txoj kev neeg yog nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws oxidation lub xeev. QAUV: Te ^{_{+ 6.}} Rau tellurium tshaj plaws oxidation xeev + 6, nws txhais tau tias Teo ₃ - ntau dua oxide rau no caij. Lub periodic system ntawm hais rau txhua pab pawg neeg kos npe general empirical mis uas qhia rau hauv lub oxide rau tag nrho cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg, tab sis tsuas lub ntsiab pab pawg. Piv txwv li, ib tug thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntsiab (alkali hlau) yog ib tug qauv ntawm daim ntawv no R ₂ O, uas qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg ntawm no pab pawg neeg yuav muaj xws li mis yog ntau dua oxide. QAUV: Rb ₂ O, Cs ₂ O thiab thiaj li nyob.

peb tau sib nug xov hydroxide Thaum dua oxide yaj nyob rau hauv dej (alkali, acid los yog amphoteric hydroxide).

Cov yam ntxwv oxides

Oxides yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm zoo tib yam tej yam kev mob. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv ib tug khoom crystalline los yog hmoov daim ntawv (Cao, SiO ₂₎ ib co CO (acid oxides) pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua (Mn ₂ O ₇₎ thiab nkev (TSIS MUAJ, TSIS MUAJ _2). Qhov no yog vim tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv. Li no, qhov txawv nyob rau hauv boiling cov ntsiab lus thiab melting ntsiab lus uas sib txawv ntawm cov sib txawv cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm -272 ⁰ C rau 70-80 ⁰ C (thiab tej zaum kuj yooj yim dua). Lub solubility nyob rau hauv dej mas nws txawv.

1. Soluble - lub ntsiab yooj hlau oxides, lub npe hu ua alkaline, alkaline lub ntiaj teb, thiab tag nrho cov acid uas tsis yog pob zeb ntais oxide (IV).
2. Insoluble - amphoteric oxides, tag nrho cov lwm yam yooj yim thiab SiO _2.

Yuav ua li cas oxides hnov mob?

Oxides, ntsev, bases, acids muaj zoo xws li cov zog. General thaj chaw ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov oxides (tsuas yog nesoleobrazuyuschih) - no muaj peev xwm raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tej kev sib tshuam mus tsim ntau yam ntsev. Txawm li cas los, rau txhua pab pawg neeg ntawm oxides raug lawv cov tshuaj yam ntxwv xav zog.

Cov khoom ntawm qhov sib txawv pawg Oxides

Basic oxides - Ntiv taw xoo	Acidic oxides - CO	Dual (amphoteric) oxide - AO	Lub oxides tsis tsim ntsev
1. tshua nrog dej: tsim ntawm alkalis (oxides ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb co) Fr 2 O + dej = 2FrOH 2. tshua nrog ib tug acid: tsim ntawm ntsev thiab dej acid + Kuv + n O = H 2 O + ntsev 3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog CO, tus tsim ntawm cov ntsev thiab dej lithium oxide + nitrogen oxide (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Cov tshuaj ua nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab hloov CO Kuv + n O + C = Kuv + CO 0	1. reagent dej: acid tsim (SiO 2 kos) CO + dej = acid 2. tshua nrog bases: CO 2 + 2CsOH = Cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 3. tshua nrog yooj yim oxides: ntsev tsim P 2 O 5 + 3MnO = Mn 3 (PO 3) 2 4. tshua OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Muaj dual zog INTERACTIONS rau lub hauv paus ntawm acid-puag qauv (nrog acids, alkalis, yooj yim oxides thiab acid oxides). Txij li thaum dej tsis tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag. 1. Muaj ib tug acid: tsim ntawm ntsev thiab dej AO + acid = ntsev + H 2 O 2. bases (alkali): tsim ntawm hydroxo Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + Dej = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog acidic oxides: Kev npaj ntawm ntsev FeO + li 2 = FeSO 3 4. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog GA: tsim ntawm ntsev fusion MnO + Rb 2 O = Rb 2 ob ntsev MnO 2 5. tshua fusion nrog alkalis thiab alkali hlau carbonates li ntsev tsim Al 2 O 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Daim Ntawv tsis acids tsis alkalis. Muaj tej lub zog narrowly.

Txhua qaum oxide tsim raws li cov hlau thiab nonmetal, yaj nyob rau hauv dej, muab ib tug muaj zog acid los yog alkali.

Organic acids thiab inorganic

Nyob rau hauv classical suab (raws li nyob rau hauv ED txaus - electrolytic dissociation - Svante Arrhenius acid) - qhov no compound nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous nruab nrab dissociate lub H ⁺ cations thiab anions acid seem Ib ^-. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los, ua tib zoo kawm acid thiab nyob rau hauv anhydrous tej yam kev mob, yog li ntawd muaj ntau yam sib txawv theories raws li hydroxides.

Empirical mis oxides, bases, acids, ntsev ntxiv xwb lub cim hais thiab indexes indicative ntawm lawv tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv lub substance. Piv txwv li, inorganic acid qhia los ntawm mis H ⁺ acid residue ^n-. Organic tshuaj muaj ntau theoretical kuas. Dhau li empirical, yuav tau sau ntawv mus rau lawv tag nrho thiab condensed yam ntxwv mis, uas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis tsuas cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub lwg me me, tab sis qhov kev txiav txim ntawm arrangement ntawm atoms, lawv kev sib raug zoo rau txhua tus lwm yam thiab ib tug tseem ceeb functional ib pawg rau carboxylic acids -COOH.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov inorganics acids uas yog muab faib ua ob pawg:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL thiab lwm tus;
• oxygen (oxo acids) - HClO ₃ thiab tag nrho cov uas muaj oxygen.

Tsis tas li ntawd inorganic acids txwv kom muab zais los ntawm tus stability (ruaj khov los yog ruaj khov - tag nrho tsuas yog carbonic thiab sulphurous, nrov heev nthe los yog tsis ruaj tsis khov - thiab sulphurous thee). Los ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm muaj zog acids yuav tsum: sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, thiab lwm leej lwm tus, raws li zoo raws li tsis muaj zog: hydrogen sulfide, lub hypochlorous thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nws tsis yog xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm muaj organic Science News for KIDS. Lub acids uas yog organic nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog carboxylic acids. Lawv cov feature - tus xub ntiag ntawm lub functional ib pawg COOH. Piv txwv li, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (acetic acid), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (stearic acid) thiab lwm tus neeg.

Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm acids, uas tsom tshwj xeeb ceev faj thaum twg yog xav kawm no nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Science News for KIDS kawg.

1. Ntsev.
2. Nitric.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Thee.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Sulfuric.
8. Acetic acid los yog ethane.
9. Butane los yog roj.
10. Benzoic.

10 Cov acids yog siv Science News for KIDS tshuaj coj chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm, thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab syntheses.

Thaj chaw ntawm inorganic acids

Lub ntsiab lub zog yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi thawj thiab foremost ib tug txawv lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Tseeb, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm acids muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm muaju los yog hmoov (boric, phosphoric) nyob rau hauv cov pa tej yam kev mob. Feem coob ntawm cov zoo-paub inorganic acids yog ib tug txawv kua. Boiling thiab melting kub kuj sib txawv.

Acid yuav ua rau mob loj heev kev kub nyhiab, txij li thaum lawv muaj ib tug quab yuam kev rhuav tseg organic cov ntaub so ntswg thiab daim tawv nqaij. Rau cov nrhiav kom tau ntawm acids siv ntsuas:

• methyl txiv kab ntxwv (nyob rau hauv lub li ib txwm puag ncig - txiv kab ntxwv nyob rau hauv acid - liab)
• Litmus (nyob rau hauv nruab nrab - violet nyob rau hauv acid - liab) los yog lwm tus neeg.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tshuaj zog muaj peev xwm mus nrog ob yooj yooj yim thiab complex tebchaw.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm inorganic acids

Yuav ua li cas sib tham	Piv txwv li ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
1. Nrog cov yooj yim-tshuaj hlau. Precondition: hlau yuav tsum sawv ntsug EHRNM rau hydrogen, thiaj li co, hydrogen tom qab sawv, yog tsis muaj cuab kav mus tshem nws los ntawm lub acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib txwm tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hydrogen gas thiab ntsev.	HCL + AL = txhuas chloride + H 2
2. bases. Cov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ntsev thiab dej. Tej tshua muaj zog acids nrog alkalis yog hu ua neutralization tshua.	Tej acid (muaj zog) = + soluble puag ntsev thiab dej
3. amphoteric hydroxides. Subtotal: ntsev thiab dej.	2 + 2HNO beryllium hydroxide = yuav (TSIS MUAJ 2) 2 (nruab nrab ntsev) + 2H 2 O
4. Nrog yooj yim oxides. Subtotal: dej, ntsev.	2HCL + FeO = hlau chloride (II) + H 2 O
5. amphoteric oxides. Tag nrho cov nyhuv: ntsev thiab dej.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. ntsev tsim weaker acids. Tag nrho cov nyhuv: ntsev thiab ib tug tsis muaj zog acid.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = magnesium bromide + H 2 O + CO 2

Thaum interacting nrog co hnov mob zoo tsis yog txhua txhua acids. Tshuaj (qib 9) nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv yuav heev ntiav txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej tshuaj, txawm li cas los, thiab nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug theem xam tau tias yog ib qho thaj chaw ntawm feeb meej nitric thiab sulfuric acid, los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hlau.

Hydroxides: alkali, thiab cov insoluble amphoteric bases

Oxides, ntsev, bases, acids - tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw cov chav kawm muaj ib qho tshuaj xwm ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv yog muab piav qhia, thiab cov kev sib nrig sib cawv ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecules. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias nws twb tau muab ib tug heev txhais oxide, ces tus acid thiab puag ua rau nws nyuaj.

Ib yam li acids, bases rau lub hom phiaj ntawm ED yog tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm disintegrating nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov nrog hlau cations kuv ^{n +} thiab anions gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Faib los ntawm cov puag qeb raws li nram no:

• Soluble los yog alkali (muaj zog puag ntsuas hloov xim). Tsim hlau I, II pawg. Piv txwv li: Koh, NaOH, LiOH (i.e. yog kaw tsuas ntsiab pab pawg neeg hais);
• Tsis zoo soluble los yog insoluble (nruab nrab hwj chim tsis muaj kev hloov qhov taw qhia xim). Piv txwv li: magnesium hydroxide, iron (II), (III), thiab lwm tus neeg.
• Molecular (tsis muaj zog puag nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous nruab nrab reversibly dissociate rau hauv ions molecule). Piv txwv li: N ₂ H _4, amines, ammonia.
• Amphoteric hydroxides (dual sau puag-acid zog). Piv txwv li: txhuas hydroxide, beryllium, zinc thiab thiaj li nyob.

Txhua pab pawg neeg hais kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm ntawm Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv lub "Thaj Chaw". Science News for KIDS Hoob 8-9 yuav tshawb kom ntxaws txog me ntsis soluble sib txuas thiab alkalies.

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv nta ntawm thaj av

Tag nrho cov alkali thiab soluble sib txuas nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv lub khoom crystalline lub xeev. Lub melting kub ntawm lawv feem ntau tsis tshua muaj, thiab tsis zoo soluble hydroxides decompose thaum rhuab. Xim txawv thaj chaw. Yog hais tias alkali dawb muaju ntawm lub tsis zoo soluble thiab molecular bases tej zaum yuav sib txawv heev xim. Lub solubility ntawm feem ntau sib txuas ntawm cov hoob kawm no yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub rooj, uas pib ua lub mis oxides, bases, acids, ntsev, lawv solubility yog muaj.

Alkalis yuav hloov xim ntawm indicators raws li nram no: phenolphthalein - crimson, methyl txiv kab ntxwv - daj. Qhov no yog xyuas kom muaj los ntawm qhov kuaj gidroksogrupp free nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Nws yog yog li ntawd tsis zoo soluble puag xws tshua tsis muab.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm txhua pab pawg neeg sib txawv ntawm cov bases.

tshuaj zog
alkalis	me ntsis soluble bases	amphoteric hydroxides
I. reacted nrog CO (tag nrho cov -hydrochloric thiab dej): 2LiOH + li 3 = Li 2 li 4 + dej II. Reacted nrog ib tug acid (ntsev thiab dej): pa neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (saib acids) III. Sib tham nrog AO tsim hydroxo ntsev thiab dej: 2NaOH + kuv + n O = Na 2 Kuv + n O 2 + H 2 O, los yog Na 2 [Kuv + n (OH) 4] IV. Sib tham nrog amphoteric hydroxides tsim ntsev gidroksokompleksnyh: Cov tib yam li nrog lub AD, tab sis tsis muaj dej V. reacted nrog soluble ntsev tsim insoluble hydroxides thiab ntsev: 3CsOH + hlau chloride (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Sib tham nrog zinc thiab txhuas nyob rau hauv lub aqueous tov los tsim ntsev thiab hydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + dej = complexed nrog hydroxide ion 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] + 3H 2	I. Thaum rhuab degradability: = Insoluble hydroxide oxide + dej II. Tshua nrog ib tug acid (tag nrho cov: ntsev thiab dej): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + dej III. Sib tham nrog CO: Kuv + n (OH) n + G = CO + H 2 O	I. Lawv hnov mob nrog acids los tsim ntsev thiab dej: Hydroxide, tooj liab (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + dej II. Nws reacts nrog alkalis: tag nrho - Ntsev thiab dej (mob: fusion) ZN (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2H 2 O III. Hnov mob nrog muaj zog hydroxides: tshwm sim - ntsev, yog hais tias tus tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov: Kr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = Rb 3 [Cr (OH) 6]

Qhov no yog feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm hais tias cov puag. Science News for KIDS bases yog yooj yim thiab ua raws li cov kev cai lij choj ntawm inorganic tebchaw.

Class inorganic ntsev. Classification, lub zog

Raws li rau txoj hauj lwm ED, inorganic ntsev yuav tau hais tebchaw nyob rau hauv aqueous tov los dissociate hlau cations Kuv ^{+ n} anions thiab anions Ib ^n-. Yog li ntawd koj yuav xav txog tej yam lub ntsev. Kev txiav txim ntawm tshuaj lom neeg muab tsis tau ib tug, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tshaj plaws yog.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, raws li lawv cov tshuaj xwm, tag nrho cov ntsev muab faib ua:

• Acidic (muaj cations muaj hydrogen). QAUV: NaHSO _4.
  
• Ntsiab (muaj raws li ib feem ntawm gidroksogrupp). QAUV: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Nruab nrab (muaj li tsuas ntawm ib tug hlau ntawv thiab ib tug acid residue). QAUV: NaCl, CaSO _4.
• Dual (xws li ob tug sib txawv hlau ntawv). QAUV: NaAl (LI NTAWD _{4) 3.}
• Integrated (hydroxo, aqua ceg thiab lwm tus). Piv txwv li: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Formula ntsev muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv tshuaj xwm, raws li zoo raws li sib tham txog tus zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub molecule.

Oxides, ntsev, bases, acids muaj ntau muaj peev xwm mus solubility, uas yuav tau saib nyob rau hauv lub duas paub lub rooj.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm ntsev, nws yog tsim nyog los soj ntsuam lawv tus monotony. Lawv muaj nyob xwb nyob rau hauv cov khoom, crystalline los yog hmoov daim ntawv no. Cov xim ntau yog heev ntau haiv neeg. Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj ntsev feem ntau muaj kaj noo xim.

Tshuaj sis hauv chav kawm ntawv ntsev nruab nrab

Muaj zoo xws li cov tshuaj zog ntawm lub hauv paus, acid ntsev. Oxides, raws li peb twb sib tham, yog sib txawv dog dig los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv no zoo tshaj.

Txhua yam yuav tsum tau qhia 4 theem pib hom ntawm kev sib tshuam rau nruab nrab ntsev.

I. sib tshuam nrog acids (tsuas muaj zog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ED) tsim lwm ntsev thiab ib tug tsis muaj zog acid:

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Tshua nrog hydroxides nrog lub tsos ntawm soluble ntsev thiab insoluble bases:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{soluble ntsev 4} + Cu (OH) _{2 insoluble puag}

III. Sis nrog rau lwm cov soluble ntsev mus tsim ib qho insoluble thiab soluble ntsev:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PBS + 2NaCL

IV. Tshua nrog hlau, ntsia nyob rau hauv rau sab laug EHRNM uas ntaub ntawv ib lub ntsev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no cov khoom hlau yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov mob hauv zoo tib yam tej yam kev mob ntawm reacting nrog dej:

Mg + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Cov no yog cov ntsiab hom ntawm kev sib tshuam uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib txwm ntsev. Formula complex ntsev, yooj yim, acidic thiab ob hais lus rau lawv tus kheej txog cov tseem tshaaj tshuaj zog.

Formula oxides, bases, acids, ntsev muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tshuaj xwm ntawm tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic tebchaw, thiab tshaj, muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm lub title khoom thiab nws lub cev muaj zog. Yog li ntawd, lawv sau ntawv yuav tsum tau them kev saib xyuas. Ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm tebchaw feem ntau muaj peb ib tug amazing science - Science News for KIDS. Oxides, acids, ntsev - yog tsuas yog ib feem ntawm nco muaj ntau haiv neeg.