Petrovsky Baroque. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque style

St.Petersburg, suav hais tias yog ib tus hluas tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb cov nroog loj, sawv cev rau nws qhov kev sib txuas ntawm qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov kev coj qub nrog Western European thiab Lavxias teb sab kev cai. Kws txawj hais tias nws cov txuj ci zoo nkauj yog tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm nws yug los. Tom qab tag nrho, lub nroog tau tsim nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua seventh, uas yuav tsis tau, tab sis nws tshwm sim.

Ua los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm ib tug txiv neej - Peter lub Great, nws absorbed tag nrho cov ntau haiv ntawm European architecture. Nws daim ntawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub xeem Lavxias teb sab tsar nyob rau hauv tus ntawm Frantsa Leforta thiab Vinius - Dutch businessmen, uas muaj ib tug loj loj sau los ntawm paintings thiab prints. Lawv pom cov European thiab, hauv particular, cov nroog ntawm lub nroog, uas feem ntau tau pom meej txog thaj txuj ci ntawm lub hnubqoob 17th.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque style

No architecture, uas kiv cua ntawm classical architecture rau ib lub sij hawm ntev tsis tau perceive raws li ib tug neeg sab nraud, tshwm nyob hauv cov teb chaws Europe ntawm txoj kev txhawj xeeb ntawm lub Renaissance lig. Nws yog, raws li nws, nws txuas ntxiv thiab kev loj hlob. Rau qee qhov twg qhov kev xav ntawm architecture no hu tau xa rov qab mus rau lub tswv yim. Nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau zoo thiab kev mob kev nkeeg. Cov tswv yim ntawm qaum thiab floating, uas cov architects ntawm lub sij hawm no pom tau hais, ua cov vaj tse zoo nkauj heev thiab tag nrho ntawm kev paub zoo nkauj. Los ntawm cov qauv ntawm ntau cov tswv yim nthuav tawm lawv tsim tiag tiag illusory sau.

Cov lus qhia dav dav

"Peter lub baroque" - ib lub sij hawm siv los ntawm historians ntawm cov kos duab rau architectural style, pom zoo los ntawm Peter lub Great. Nws yog dav siv rau qhov tsim ntawm cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub ces peev - St. Petersburg.

Nyob rau hauv 1697-1698, Peter lub Great Embassy tuaj xyuas Netherlands, hauv particular Amsterdam. Lub nroog no tau tshwj xeeb heev ntawm huab tais nrog nws txoj kev nruj nruj rau txoj kev sib luag, cov kab sib txuas nrog cov kwj deg. Amsterdam ciam teb nyob rau hauv cov voj vias siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov voos plaub kheej, yees los yog cov voj voog. Traditional Dutch architecture ntawm 17th xyoo pua yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov hniav siv ntawm xws li shredded thiaj li hais raws li qhov rais thav ntawv, cornices, pilasters, portals nrog volutes. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho kev coj noj coj ua thiab festive, nrog rau lub txaj muag thiab lag luam duab ntawm lub nroog.

Peter twb obsessed nrog lub tswv yim tias Russia yuav koom nrog cov haiv neeg Western, tom qab European txoj kev tsis tsuas nom tswv los yog nyiaj txiag, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev loj hlob kev cai. Thiab yog vim li cas nws tau caw ntau tus kws tshaj lij, cov duab sculptors thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv nws lub peev txheej tshiab.

Petrovsky Manor

Twb tau lub npe los ntawm nws yog tseeb hais tias los ntawm nws cov tsos nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws no amazing style tshuav rau thawj Lavxias teb sab huab tais. Petrovsky Baroque los ua ib tug sib xyaw ntawm Italis ntawm tib lub npe nrog rau thaum ntxov Fabkis classicism thiab rococo. Txhua tus neeg ua vaj tse, tau caw rau St.Petersburg, sawv cev cov kev cai ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tias yog vim li cas lub Petrine Baroque no qhia tsis meej heev tiam sis ntawm lub sijhawm no.

Peter lub siab xav tig nws lub zos mus rau hauv lub zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab ua rau qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sij hawm nws kav teb chaws Baroque los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse. Tus tsim thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv no style, uas tau hu ua Peter Manir, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg rau ob peb centuries tom ntej txiav txim siab ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm architecture.

Nta

Tus thawj Lavxias tus huab tais nrhiav kev khiav tawm Byzantine kev cai hauv architecture. Lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm no kev cob qhia ntog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Baroque style ntawm Peter yog me ntsis txawv los ntawm nws European prototype. Thiab ua ntej ntawm tag nrho nws yog rationalism, clarity thiab simplicity.

Ib qho ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas ua rau lub Petrine Baroque architecture yog ob hom xim ntawm cov tuam tsev: liab thiab dawb. Lwm cov feature yog tus txhais lus ncaj nraim hauv qhov chaw.

Thawj cov vaj tse nyob hauv St.Petersburg tau siv av nkos, zoo li cov qauv ntoo, zoo ib yam li siv rau sab hnub poob hauv tsev. Lawv plaster yuav tsum nrag duab. Yog li ntawd, xws li cov qauv tsim thiab txawm tias ua haujlwm "nrog rau kev txeej" yuav ua rau cov dej khov thiab cov pob tw, tsuas yog cov pilasters thiab cov qhov rooj hauv tsev.

Kev piav qhia ntawm style

Peter tus baroque yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev siv ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov classic Tuscan los yog Corinthian, albeit nyob rau hauv ib tug heev naïve thiab ntau archaic txhais lus. Feem ntau cov lus Asmeskas yooj yooj yim "scapula", uas hloov lub puav pheej thiab kab. Lub qhov rais tau ntsa nrog cov txheej txheem platbands - feem ntau yog xim dawb ntawm keeb kwm liab, nrog cov yam ntxwv uas thickening, pob ntseg, nrog rau daim ntawv thov mus rau sab saum toj ntawm lub tsev fuabtais pob zeb. Lub ces kaum ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv Baroque style, thiab nyob rau hauv qee zaum cov plag tsev thawj, decorated nrog ib xeb.

Cov festive thiab elegant tsos architects tau supplemented los ntawm ntau cov architectural me me, xws li edgings, curls thiab zib. Daim ntawv thov hla txhua qhov chaw ntawm tus hneev nti los yog cov pob zeb ntawm lub voj voog me me yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Yog li, cov kab ntawm lub ru tsev ua visually ntau complicated thiab enriched.

Piv txwv li yog qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm cov duab lossis cov paj. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj, cov architects ntsia lyukarny. Li ntawd, sab qaum tsev ntawm ntau lub tsev mas nrhiav tau tus nplua nuj zoo nkauj thiab txoj kev ua silhouette.

Baroque architects

Txawm ua ntej tus founding ntawm St. Petersburg, Peter thiab nws cov neeg tuaj ua haujlwm thoob teb chaws Europe pib ntiav cov neeg txawv teb chaws: architects, fortificators, engineers. Thaum thawj theem, tag nrho cov vaj tse hauv nroog tau ua tiav rau cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas tuaj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia. Thiab tus thawj ntawm lawv yog Domenico Trezzini ua nto moo tshaj plaws vaj tse ntawm St. Petersburg, uas sawv cev rau lub Petrine Baroque style. Cov duab ntawm Peter thiab Paul Cathedral yog ib qho pov thawj ntawm qhov no. Nws tswb-tus pej thuam yog qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws ntawm St. Petersburg. Lub ntsej muag ntawm lub cathedral yuav ua rau lub ntuj ci ntsa iab li opposed rau lub ncab rub tawm ntawm Neva embankments.

Muaj suab tsis muaj analogue ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Western European architecture. Nws echoes tsuas yog nrog ib tug spist spire, nyob ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub pauv hauv Copenhagen, uas yog tseem raws li Baroque style. Lub yees duab ntawm lub yav tas los, txawm li cas los, yog tseem muaj lwm cov pov thawj tias lub St. spire spire yog me ntsis txawv: ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv nws loj thiab faceted duab.

Ntawm cov thawj architects uas tsim lub Petrine Baroque, yuav, dhau los ntawm Trezzini, thiab Jean-Baptiste Leblon, thiab Schluter, thiab JM Fontana, as Well as Michetti thiab Mattarnovi. Tag nrho lawv tuaj rau hauv Russia ntawm qhov caw Petus. Txhua tus kws kes duab vaj tse coj mus rau qhov pom ntawm cov tsev uas nws tsim kho cov kev cai hauv nws lub teb chaws, lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas nws sawv cev. Kev pab rau siv lawv cov kev tsim, cov qauv ntawm cov European baroque tau maj mas los ntawm cov chaw hauv zos, xws li Mikhail Zemtsov.

Txawv txawv los ntawm Moscow Baroque

Petrovsky baroque yog raug rau St. Petersburg. Sab nraum nws muaj ntau heev li vaj tse. Hauv particular, nws yog lub Menshikov Tower, tau ua hauv Moscow, thiab lub Palace Palace Kadriorg.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau Naryshkin cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv Moscow, Peter lub, uas sawv cev los ntawm ib qho kev tawm tsam ntsej muag ntawm Byzantine cov kev cai, uas tswj lub Lavxias teb sab architecture rau thaj tsam kaum tawm, nws yog cov cim symmetrical thiab poise. Tshaj tawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev sib sau ua ke, kev sib txoos thiab kev khi rau hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj, daim duab los yog qhib qhov rai qhib, mansard ru tsev nrog lub pob zeb tawg - tag nrho cov qauv ntawm Baroque style, hu ua tom qab thawj tus huab tais, tau ua txoj cai ntawm ntau lub tsev ntawm St. Petersburg.

Cov qauv piv txwv

Niaj hnub no, tourists uas tuaj mus rau sab qaum teb capital, muaj lub sij hawm los ua tsaug rau cov ua hauj lwm ntawm kws kes duab vajtse ob txhais tes uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Petrine Baroque yog tuaj ntawm no los ntawm ntau yam zoo-paub cov vaj tse. Qhov no yog Peter thiab Paul Cathedral, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, lub tsev Kaum Ob tug Colleges nrog lub caij ntuj sov palace ntawm Peter kuv, Schluter Chamber, Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ntau haiv tib neeg: Mattarnovi, Kiaveri thiab Zemtsov. Cov creation ntawm lub yav tas kuj yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Simeon thiab Anna.

Nyob rau Vasilievsky Island muaj lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm ib lub tsev kawm baroque - thawj grand palace nyob hauv St. Petersburg. Nws yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus Governor-General, qhov twg receptions raug tuav thiab sib sau ua ke dhau. Ua ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub vaj tsev nplua nuj uas qhib rau lub façade ntawm lub voj voog, lub tsev tseem ua tus Petrine Baroque.

Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kaum Ob tug Tsev Kawm Ntawv

Nyob ze yog lwm lub teeb tsa ua nyob rau hauv cov qauv vaj tsev no. Nov yog lub Tsev Kaum Ob tug Tsev Kawm Ntawv. Tus kws kho mob Trezzini yog thawj tov rau cov hauj lwm teev los ntawm Peter. Lub tsev baroque, uas yog kaum ob lub tsev zoo li, nyob hauv ib kab ze rau ib leeg, ib qho ntawm txoj kev hauv kev tuaj mus rau peb puas thiab yim caum. Txhua qhov chaw muaj ib lub ru tsev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib lub caij nyoog zoo nkauj ntawm kev rov qab muaj kabmob thiab risalitas, pilasters thiab platbands rau ntawm lub xim liab thiab xim dawb muab lub tsev zoo saib.

Toj roob hauv pes architecture

Ntaos ntawm Baroque style yuav pom tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov tuam tsev ua nyob rau hauv uas era. Tsis muaj tsawg txaus yog lub palace thiab cov chaw ua si pawg. Qhov no, piv txwv, yog lub caij ntuj sov uas paub txog lub caij ntuj sov, uas tau tawg raws li ib qho tshwj xeeb duab los ntawm Peter nws tus kheej; Peterhof khaub ncaws, uas, raws li kws txawj, yog raws li cov kev xav ntawm thawj tus huab tais tus huab tais los ntawm nws mus xyuas Versailles. Nkawd tseem yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm cov paj nruag architecture ntawm thaj chaw.

Lub caij ntuj sov vaj yog ib qho los mus ua ib tug huab tais ntawm ib tug loj tiaj ua si "ib yam dab tsi edifying." Cov kwj deg tau ua nyob rau hauv, nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Aesop cov lus qhuab qhia, thiab nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb gallery tus pej thuam ntawm Venus, ancient Roman marble daim qauv ntawm Hellenistic qub, pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations nyob rau hauv Rome thiab nrog loj teeb meem, raug ntsia hauv Russia. Cov qhua rau lub vaj, txhua yam tsis muaj kev zam, yuav tsum hnia lub pob zeb marble ntawm tus vaj tswv pagan. Lwm cov duab thiab tsheb npav tau tsa los ntawm cov hlau, thiab "Versailles."

Lub caij ntuj sov Palace

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Petrine Baroque no yog cov me me thiab yooj yim heev rau kev npaj. Nws tau ntsib nws txoj haujlwm - muab sijhawm rau kev ua si ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe.

Muaj qee tus hu zaj xov xwm no hauv Peter Petus Baroque vim tias nws loj me me "thawj Lavxias teb sab tsev". Ua ob tus kws kos duab thiab tus tsim, D. Trezzini tswj kev siv ntawm lub palace rau plaub xyoo tag nrho. Cov kev pabcuam hauv npav yog ua nyob sab nraud los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Trezini lub hom phiaj yog kom muaj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv Tsov Rog Qaum Teb. Ua ntej cov neeg tuaj sib ntsib tsim muaj cov ntoo thiab cov ntoo uas muaj cov nplua nuj los pleev xim rau sab hauv thiab thaij duab thaij duab thiab cov yeeb yaj duab zoo kawg nkaus.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Txawm tias muaj qhov tseeb tias nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog rau nws lub npe, tus Petrine Baroque yog nws tus kheej. Nrog rau tag nrho cov cuab kev qiv, qhov style no muaj ntau yam ntawm tus kheej. Ntxiv mus, cov tuam tsev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj analogues nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, lawv yog cov tseem. Lub façade ntawm cov tuam tsev, tab sis kuj yooj yim, tab sis tib lub sij hawm muaj kev ntxim nyiam thiab zoo heev. Lawv tsis muaj cumbersome thiab hnyav hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thaum kev ua tau zoo los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsawg.