Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv architecture: tus naas ej vaj tse thiab architects

Rov qab mus rau ancient canons nyob rau hauv kos duab tshwm sim dua. Zoo nkauj heev thiab harmonious tau lub tsev, sculpture, duab ntawm lub classical lub sij hawm. Kuj muaj lub sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov kos duab no yog hu ua neoclassicism rau lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm lub ancient canons ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab pom ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub neej tiam no. Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv architecture ua hauj lwm dog dig txawv nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws. Ntawm kev txaus siab rau tus txhais lus los ntawm cov classic hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab architects tsom.

idiosyncrasy

Nws tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neo-classical architecture pom rov qab mus rau keeb kwm ntawm lwm haiv. Thaum pib ntawm lub archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Ltalis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII tau tshwm sim los ib tug ntse txaus siab ntawm architects mus rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architects. Qhov no tau coj mus rau lub tsos ntawm cov style, hu ua classicism, uas tsim thiab maj hloov mus rau hauv neoclassicism. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog kev twb kev txuas ntawm kev lig kev cai nrog romantic khi. Ua ntej no ob yeej sib nrog txhua lwm yam, tab sis thaum kawg pom ib tug ntau ntawm ib qho av.

Tsis-classical vaj tse muaj ntau dua yooj yim, txoj kev tshav ntuj thiab directness piv nrog rau classics. Tseem yuav neoclassicism yog tshwj xeeb mloog mus rau lub observance ntawm proportions, cov muaj siab rau monumentality, txawm pomposity. Architects tsis tsuas theej lub ancient system ntawm ib tug txiav txim, tab sis yuav ua tshiab sau ntawv. Piv txwv li, Iyiv los yog Etruscan. Cov style yog yus muaj los ntawm kev khi thiab txawm rigor. Spectacular, loj-scale vaj tse nrog Greek ntsiab - uas yog pom zoo rau cov neo-classical style vaj tse.

Periodization ntawm neoclassicism nyob rau hauv architecture

Lub sij hawm "neo-classical" architecture muaj ib co inconsistencies. Qhov no yog feem ntau vim cov nyob sab Europe thiab Lavxias teb sab le caag los qhov qee ntawm nws cov sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, nws txais yuav cais classicism (XVII century) thiab cov neo-classical (thib ob ib nrab ntawm XVIII, cov style ntawm Louis 16th - tus thawj feem peb ntawm cov XIX). Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, qhov teeb meem no yog sib txawv dog dig. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov no lub sij hawm cia li xam tau tias yog classicism. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub tshiab classic architecture meant qhov kawg ntawm lub XIX - thaum ntxov XX caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob qhov twg neoclassicism yog tsis tshua nrov thiab ib txoj muaj nqi nws yog muab faib ua peb lub sij hawm.

Ua ntej, cov kab XIX - thaum ntxov XX xyoo pua, originated li ib lo lus teb mus rau lub ntsoog ntawm modernism. Nws brevity nws yog pom zoo rau ntev li hniav Art Nouveau. Thaum lub sij hawm no, muaj ib tug qauv retrospectivism nrhiav mus rau revive lub classic proportions thiab layout. Qhov thib ob lub sij hawm - 1930 xyoo ntawm tus XX caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Russia nws tseem hu ua Stalin tus faj tim teb chaws. Nws tuaj koom lub Baroque nta ntawm classicism, Art Nouveau thiab cov ntsiab ntawm cov teb chaws architecture tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov thib peb - lub sijhawm xyoo 1950. Nws feem ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm American architecture, qhov uas lawv pom lawv cov tshiab incarnation yooj yooj yim thiab monumental cov ntaub ntawv.

Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no architecture

Classicism yog cov haib tshaj artistic style. Nws embraced tag nrho cov arts. Nws txoj kev loj hlob tau coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm neoclassicism, uas ua tau tsis rau cov ntshiab imitation ntawm ancient qauv, thiab lawv reinterpretation. Style me nyuam ancient canons, sib txuas rau lawv nrog rau cov uas nrhiav tau ntawm niaj hnub thiab ib co teb chaws achievements. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau tso rov qab rau hauv lub XVII xyoo pua los ntawm Andrea Palladio, uas ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv Vicenza. Cov lug tau ua ib tug qauv rau yav tom ntej tiam ntawm architects. Nws do li txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub receptions ntawm ancient architects thiab nws tsis txawj ploj mus rau ob peb centuries.

Tus thawj tsev nyob rau hauv "neo-classical" style nrog symmetrical nrhiav, kab txhua, domed ru tsev thiab lub facades nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Tom qab ntawd, tus qauv khaws los ntawm architects nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Thiab maj nws "dokatyvayutsya" mus rau America. Neoclassicism - nws tsis yog txawm tiag tiag ib tug style. Tiamsis, nws yog ib yam ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev xav ntawm architects ntawm yav dhau los. Ceev faj tuav ntawm tsim kev cai thiab kev tsim kho rau lawv cov hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub tsev nrog ib tug tshiab kev tsim qauv thiab decorating tswv yim - cov no yog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm neoclassical economists.

Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv Fabkis

Tus thawj neo-classical architectural masterpieces tau tsim los ntawm Claude Ledoux, uas pib lawv ua hauj lwm ua ntej lub Fabkis kiv puag ncig. Nws saltworks ntawm Arc-et-Senans, lub lis kev cai lub tsev nyob rau kev nkag mus Paris, lub ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv Besançon revived Greek kev lig kev cai thiab cim pib ntawm ib tug ci ntsa iab ntu nyob rau hauv lub Fabkis neo-classical architecture. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov style no Jacques Ange Gabriel. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-50s ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua nws tsim ib tug zoo kawg li lub tsev ntawm cov tub rog lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm lub lub Champ de Mars, zoo kawg li Opera Garnier, lub Petit Trianon ntawm Versailles, Concorde Square nyob rau hauv Paris project. Nws ua hauj lwm los ua tus forerunners ntawm lub heyday ntawm neo-classicism nyob rau hauv Fabkis.

Nws tau ua raws li los ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov txawj ntse architects tau ua nyob rau hauv no style. Nws Nicolas de Maiziere, uas tsim lub grain ua lag luam, Jacques-Denis Antoine thiab nws nquag Mint ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Seine, Sharl De Wailly thiab zoo kawg li ua yeeb yam "Odeon". Neoclassicism yog ib cov nyiaj uas Paris kom deb li deb. Tsev nrog harmonious proportions, ncaws, voos porticos thiab txhua tam sim no ua nws muaj nuj nqis.

Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv lub UK

Nyob rau hauv lub 60 xyoo ntawm XVIII xyoo pua neo-classical architecture yog tus tshaj plaws pressing style nyob rau hauv ces. Nws founders twb ob tug poj architects Robert Adas thiab Uilyam Chembers. Lawv, tsis zoo li lawv Fabkis lug txhawb cov miv, ua feem ntau thaj vaj tse. Adas mus xyuas Ltalis, qhov twg puas tau poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog ancient lug thiab vaj tse A. Palladio.

English Neoclassicism differed los ntawm Fabkis ntau txoj kev tshav ntuj thiab yooj yim. Ntawm no, kuj zoo kawg xim tau them mus rau lub sab hauv, lub npe nrov tshaj uas yog lub décor Syon tsev nrog Etruscan motifs. Cov successors ntawm lub British neo-classical kev lig kev cai yog Dzhon Soun thiab Dzhordzh dens. Lawv ably ntxiv "style ntawm Adas." Lub tsev ntawm lub Bank ntawm ces thiab lub tsev rau txim ntawm Newgate twb zoo heev piv txwv ntawm elegant neo-classical English.

Cov kis ntawm neoclassicism nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe

Talented cov neeg sawv cev ntawm neoclassicism tau tag nrho cov thoob teb chaws Europe. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no style tsim Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Kawm nyuaj thiab cos creation ntawm kev ntu nyob rau hauv neoclassicism. Nws vaj tse yog cov laus thiab cov tshiab tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau hauv Berlin guardroom yog creatively reworked mus kom ze rau classical hom kev kawm thiab cov kev npaj.

Nyob rau hauv ltalis, cov neoclassic mus txog zoo kawg proportions. A. Palladio, nrog nws cov luxurious cov tsev nyob rau hauv Venice thiab Vicenza, Dzhuzeppe Permarini thiab La Scala yog cov pearls ntawm lub ntiaj teb architecture. Tom qab ntawd, Marcello Piacentini tau muaj kev tswj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev uas yuav txhais lus rau cov neeg nplua nuj cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm ancient architecture thiab cov Palladian style nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm XX caug xyoo. Nws tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos thiab Victoria Square nyob rau hauv Brescia.

Lavxias teb sab neoclassicism: lub ntsiab nta

Ib tug tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm no mas yuav kis neoclassical style nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture. Tus thawj theem yog muaj feem xyuam rau overcoming tus ntsoog ntawm modernity, ib tug rov qab mus rau classical cov hauv paus hniav, yooj yim ntawm searching. Ivan Fomin, Vladimir Shuko, Ivan Zholtovsky koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm classical, golden proportions. Lawv tshawb nrhiav lub architectural masterpieces ntawm ltalis thiab Fabkis, siv tshawb pom nyob rau hauv lawv cov vaj tse. Qhov thib ob theem ntawm neoclassicism teev cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm kev tsim zoo kawg li ua hauj lwm glorifying lub hwj chim ntawm Stalin. Monuments thiab scale ntawm cov vaj tse tseem surprises neeg.

Nto moo Lavxias teb sab architects

Lavxias teb sab architecture yuav tau zoo siab rau ntawm ib tug tag nrho galaxy ntawm koj nyuab uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neoclassical style. Qhov tus tsim yog xav tau Ivan Fomin. Rau ntau xyoo nws mob siab rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm classical hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai. Nws yus tus kheej li lub theoretical ua hauj lwm uas pov thawj rau cov neo-classical style, thiab xws li mas vaj tse raws li Polovtseva tsev nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute nyob rau hauv Ivanovo, Moscow Soviet tsev nyob rau hauv Moscow. Ntawm cov architects uas professed tswv yim retrospective neoclassical zaub Zakharov, F. Lidval, St. Seraphim, A. Belogrud thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Architects Moscow thiab St. Petersburg tsis tau tsuas yog ua qhov kev txaus siab ntawm ob leeg Lavxias teb sab capitals, tab sis kuj teem lub suab nrov rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm lub zos nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Moscow

Cov peev ntawm Russia tau tam sim no tau hais khov kho tso saib lub cim architectural masterpieces nyob rau hauv lub neoclassical style. Ob lub sij hawm ntawm no style tshuav ib tug tseem ceeb cim rau hauv txoj kev. Moscow architects skillfully dai kom zoo nkauj nyiam nroog. Cov qhov tseem tseem ceeb vaj tse yuav tsum tau hu ua tsev haiv neeg lub neej thiab "Lub tsev ntauwd" rau Smolenskaya Square I. ZHOLTOVSKOGO tsev loj Mindovsky kes duab vajtse Nikolai Lazarev, ntxiv rau cov Moscow Art Theatre F. Shechtel, lub tsev ntawm lub State Savings Bank Ivanov-Shicai. Stalin lub sij hawm ntawm neoclassicism yog paub mus rau txhua txhua Lavxias teb sab pej xeem. Qhov no nto moo skyscraper L. Rudnev, D. Chechulina A. Mordvinova thiab lwm yam architects.

Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg

Lub embodiment ntawm ib tug txhais lus ntawm neo-classical St. Petersburg yog tus naas ej "tsev nrog yees" K. Rosenstein. Nyob rau hauv nws medieval kev cai yog intertwined nrog cov ntsiab ntawm cov niaj hnub thiab classic. Northern capital yuav khav thiab ib tug ntau ntawm lwm cov tuam tsev nyob rau hauv no style. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov neeg chaw: lub tsev-Abamelek Lazarev kes duab vajtse I. Fomin, center Tom de Thomon, tus sawv cev ntawm thaum ntxov neo-classical tsev loj Betlinga ua hauj lwm A. Grube, chav tsev tsim los ntawm J. Timofeev Kovarskii thiab lwm yam feemxyuam ua hauj lwm.