Kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov: interesting tseeb. Moscow architecture ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 18th xyoo pua

Cov zaj dab neeg txog lub architecture ntawm lub nroog ntawm Moscow yuav tsis muaj teb tsis hais txog lub npe ntawm tus mas Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse li Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov.

Ilv Gothic - qhov no yog qhov style ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov tseem muaj sia nyob tej hauj lwm ntawm Bazhenov. Nyob rau hauv no, lub complex yog ua Tsaritsyno. Feem ntau ntawm cov vaj tse thiab lug yog heev cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm, tab sis restoration ua hauj lwm ua thaum lub sij hawm lub Soviet thiab post-Soviet lub sij hawm, pab los feem ntau ntawm lawv.

Childhood thiab tiav hluas

Lub caij nyoog qhov chaw thiab hnub yug yog tsis paub Vasily Bazhenov. Nws yug los lub peb hlis ntuj 1, 1737, los yog 1738, tuag nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 2, 1799. Great Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse yog los ntawm ib tsev neeg ntawm cov me me lub tsev teev ntuj official. Raws li ib txhia qhov chaw nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau lwm yam - nyob rau hauv Maloyaroslavets, thiab tsiv mus rau Moscow nyob rau hauv peb-txhua lub hli muaj hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv 1753 Vasily nkag mus hauv nws cov thwj tim mus Dmitry Uhtomtsevu. Los ntawm nws nws tau txais nws zaj lus qhia thib nyob rau hauv architecture thiab siv. Sau kom tiav qhov kev cob qhia yav tom ntej kes duab vajtse Bazhenov tsis tau dhau lawm txij thaum lub nyuaj nyiaj txiag qhov teeb meem ntawm tsev neeg yuam nws mus muab nws cov kev tshawb fawb thiab mus ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv 1755 nws pib kawm nyob rau hauv lub Moscow State University. Bazhenov tus thawj biographer, lub tsam ntawm Kiev Eugene Bolkhovitinov, sau tias Basil kuj kawm nyob rau Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Tom ntej soj ntsuam, qhov no fact twb refuted. Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv no txoj kev ib sab ntsuj plig tus neeg nws tsa rau prestige ntawm subordinated tsev nws.

manifestation ntawm txuj ci

Nyob rau hauv 1758 Vasily Bazhenov ntawm cov sab saum toj 16 cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo ntawm Ivan Shuvalov nws raug xa mus St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsim Academy ntawm Fine Arts. Tus thawj xeem feemxyuam menyuam kawm ntawv Vasily Bazhenov dhau brilliantly thiab yeej thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov qeb duas ntawm kev ua tau zoo. Cov thawj ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse ntawm Lavxias teb sab Admiralty Chevakinsky los ua ib tug tus kheej pab qhia heev pheej, muaj lub peev xwm thiab ntse txiv neej hluas.

Peb xyoos tom qab Vasily Bazhenov thiab Anton Losenko los ua tus thawj me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub Academy of Arts, puav pheej-scholarship.

Ntxiv kev kawm coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv lub studio ntawm Charles de Wailly. Tom qab, cov kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov yog lub ntsiab lub promoter ntawm Fabkis neoclassicism nyob rau hauv Russia thiab nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim ntawm De Wailly teeb stylistic canon ntawm neoclassical Moscow.

Nws rov qab mus rau Russia nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1765 nrog ib tug glowing testimonial hais txog nws cov neeg ncaj kev thiab kev ncaj ncees qualities. Cuaj kaum, tus tshiab cov kev tswj ntawm lub Academy raug nws mus rau ib txoj kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kev ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau thiab muab ib tug tshiab project thesis ua hauj lwm. Cov tub hluas ntxhais Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse twb pom los ntawm Catherine II thiab nws tus tub Paul. Cov txais mus rau lub rooj huas tias, kom Bazhenov tsim thiab kev siv ntawm lub tsev loj rau Pob Zeb Island, thiab nyob rau hauv 1766 Grigory Orlov kom nws tsim kho ntawm lub Arsenal. Nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm ntawm Vasily Ivanovich nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg tas. Kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov tsiv mus rau Moscow, qhov uas nws nyob thiab ua hauj lwm kom txog thaum nws tuag.

Kremlin Palace

Catherine pom tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev kho ntawm Dilapidated palaces ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin. Bazhenov enthusiastically teem mus ua hauj lwm. Twb tau nyob rau 1767, nws hais rau lub siab tshaj plaws kev saib xyuas ntawm lub zoo heev tsim ntawm lub loj loj Kremlin Palace. Orlov hais lus feasibility ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm xws li ib tug loj tsev, tab sis kes duab lub vajtse nyob rau hauv nws lub zeem muag ntawm lub imperial chaw nyob yuav adamant thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj sov 1768, tiav lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub project. Raws li nws lub tswv yim nws yog tig cov teb chaws Europe tus loj tshaj plaws palace complex, tua nyob rau hauv lub neoclassical style. Nws yuav tsum hloov lub qub Kremlin kiag li. Lub unchanged npaj kom tsuas lub koom txoos, uas ua tsis pom los ntawm cov dej, vim hais tias lub neej tom ntej overshadowed phab ntsa ntawm lub palace. Nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj, tag nrho cov sab qab teb txojkev, piv txwv li shestisotmetrovuyu phab ntsa ntawm Konstantinovskaya ntauwd nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob thiab Borovitskaya ntxiv raws lub sab hnub poob phab ntsa ntawm lub Arsenal rau sab qaum teb, yuav tsum tau coj ib tug tshiab plaub-zaj dabneeg palace. Nws Bazhenov npaj mus rau qhov chaw ncaj qha rau ntawm lub ntseg nqes hav ntawm lub toj siab thiab lub Kremlin phab ntsa, uas yuav tsum nqa. Cov kws kes duab vajtse muab stacking pob zeb buttresses los mus tiv thaiv tus nqi ntawm cov qauv mus rau hauv tus dej. Los ntxiv dag zog rau embankment ntug dej thiab tarred cav.

Raws li peb tes num cov keeb kwm cathedral cheeb tsam no yog tshwj tseg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm lub Kremlin twb mus ua txhaum tshiab. Nws tau pib ib tug tshiab radial txoj kev, yuav los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau sab qaum teb, sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj. Lub palace twb npaj tawm rau Tverskaya Street. Peb tes num yuav tsum ua tau thaum pib ntawm lub Modernization ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm Moscow. Nyob rau hauv 1775, lub ob leeg dag zog nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Peter thiab Nikolai Kozhin Legrand npaj tau thawm xyoo pom zoo.

Tsaritsyno

Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1775 Bazhenov tau tsim ib tug thawj kev kee ntawm Tsaritsyno, uas mus rau hnub tim tsis tau fwm. Vaj tse Bazhenova twb zoo ib yam set ntawm dawb-sawv vaj tse nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab neo-classical style. Tom qab kawm tiav thiab pom zoo los ntawm lub Empress ntawm lub hom phiaj tau pom zoo. Lub hom kev kawm yuav yog ib tug palace, muaj raws ntawm ob vaj tse, txuas conservatory. Ib tug tis twb npaj rau Catherine, thiab lub thib ob - rau nws tus tub thiab tus txais cuab tam Paul. Raws li ib tug tsim npaj tsoos Lavxias teb sab kob vuas nrog ornaments. Catherine kam thiab hais rau ib tug yooj yim version - phab ntsa ntawm liab cib nrog dawb ornaments thiab daj glazed vuas rau lub ru tsev.

Bazhenov pib tsim kho ntawm lub complex rau pem hauv ntej kab ntawm me me vaj tse, rooj vag thiab cov txuas hniav, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog zoo elegant finish uas tau txij li thaum raug poob lawm. Nyob rau hauv 1776, nws tau thaum kawg ua kom tiav cov hniav xam choj hla ib tug kwj. Cov hauj lwm twb nyuaj vim hais tias ntawm cov tsis muaj cov neeg txawj craftsmen thiab disruptions txais.

Nyob rau hauv 1777 Bazhenov demolished lub qub tsev ntoo ntawm lub qub tswv ntawm lub qub txeeg qub tes thiab pib qhov kev siv ntawm lub ntsiab palace. Nws twb ua dua yim xyoo. Lub ob lub ntsiab lub cev twb ntxiv ib tug ntau - central rau Paul cov me nyuam. Governor James Bruce, uas tau mus xyuas lub Tsarina nyob rau hauv 1784, twb puzzled los ntawm cov tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm tus chief, lub official lub tsev. Tab sis nws nonetheless xa kev zoo siab tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau Catherine.

Cessation ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb tes num Tsaritsyn

Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1785, Catherine mam li nco dheev xyuas Tsaritsyno tseem tsis txaus siab nrog lub qeeb pace ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Empress Palace soj ntsuam raws li unsuitable rau nyob: ib tug heev tsaus ntuj nti chav, tsis tshua muaj ceilings, nqaim staircase. Xyoo no, lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm Catherine thiab Paul irreversibly qub. Lub Empress twb koom nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm succession. Thiab lub Palace ntawm tus ntxaib phenomenon ua politically lawm. Catherine kom mus rhuav lub tsev thiab tsim kom muaj ib tug tshiab ntsiab palace. Bazhenov thiab Kazakov twb kom los tsim tshiab tej yaam num. Kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov nthuav nws project mus rau thaum xaus ntawm 1785, tab sis nws twb tso tseg, thiab Vasili lawb tawm mus. Ekaterina Kazakova xaiv project. Bazhenov lub palace twb demolished nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1786. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Catherine tsis coj Bazhenov lub project vim hais tias ntawm Masonic symbolism thiab lub Gothic style. Nws yuav tsis muaj tseeb, raws li cov Cossacks nyob rau hauv lawv tej yaam num muab khaws cia tseg thiab pheej rov qab Gothic thiab Masonic cim.

chav ua noj tsev

Nyob rau hauv Tsaritsyno tseem ib tug ntau cov qauv Bazhenova - chav ua noj tsev, los yog cov qhob cij lub tsev. Nws yog ib tug square tsev nrog sib npaug ntawm cov ces kaum Ameslikas tsim rau kitchens, warehouses, storerooms thiab tsev nyob rau cov neeg ua hauj lwm. Inputs no yog ua los rau nws nyob rau hauv sab hauv - mus rau ntau yam nyiaj txiag thiab tub qhe tsis tau tsiv mus nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm tus qhua thiab fwjchim luj kawg nkaus manor. Rau hauv av pem teb los ntawm cov pob zeb lined nrog dawb glaciers uas yog koob mus kom kub. Tag nrho facade yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rau ntau yam cim :. Loaves cov mov ci nrog castors, tsom-iav garlands, Masonic kab, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv tam sim no, Yog cov Mov lub tsev yog siv rau concerts thiab lwm yam kev xwm txheej. Tej zaum, muaj banquets.

Medium Palace

Opera tsev, los yog Middle Dvorets Ekateriny, nrog ob-taws eagles rau lub parapets Facades xub thawj yog siv rau me me hauj receptions, raws li zoo raws li rau concerts thiab ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm lub palace yog tsis siv nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev. Los ntawm nws muaj tsuas yog phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv 1988 nws pib yim-xyoo restoration ua hauj lwm. Rau yav tom ntej acoustics ntawm lub tsev tso cai rau nws mus concerts. Muaj kuj yog hom miv ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab.

Pashkov tsev

Vasily Bazhenov - kes duab lub vajtse uas tsim ib lub ntiaj teb no-nrov cov cim ntawm Moscow. Nws ua tau nyob rau hauv 1785-1786 xyoo Pashkov tsev. Coj tus qauv tau feem ntau yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub paintings, ceev xwm txheej, postcards, nqi xa ntawv nyiaj muas, thawv ntawm khoom qab zib, thiab lwm yam Tom qab tshem tawm ntawm lub project "Tsaritsyno" Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov pib noj private nyiaj los ntawm muaj myiaj Muscovites. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau ib lub toj Vagankovsky nws los ua ib tug zoo kawg li palace ntawm dawb pob zeb rau tus tauj ncov loj-lieutenant Semenov tso kom muaj kab muaj kev thiab nws tus poj niam. tsev facade zoo ntawm Starovagankovsky txoj kab, thiab cov Kremlin muab nws rov qab sab. Nws yog assumed tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev kes duab lub vajtse tsom nws resentment ntawm lub Empress Tsaritsyno.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm childless tswv Pashkov tsev pub ib tug nyob deb txheeb ze, leej twg, kaj siab lug marrying ib tug heiress, tus ntxhais ntawm cov kub tsuas yog tau muaj cov qauv cai. Tom qab, lub Pashkov tsev muag nyiaj.

Lavxias teb sab Revival style ntawm architecture

Lavxias teb sab adherent ntawm neoclassical tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architecture, graphic artist, theoretician ntawm architecture thiab kawm Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov thiab nws cov npoj yaig thiab cov menyuam kawm Matvey Kazakov thiab Ivan Starov tsim ib tug Lavxias teb sab teb chaws architectural lus uas raug ncua los ntawm Peter I. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub Lavxias teb sab nroog loj hlob teem lub suab nrov ntawm txawv teb chaws architects - Quarenghi, Rinaldi, Cameron thiab lwm tus neeg.

Qhov tu siab txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug txawj ntse kws kes duab vajtse

Ib thaum ntxov manifestation ntawm cov txuj ci ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov coj mus rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm tus nplua nuj nyob rau hauv txoj cai tycoons thiab politicians, courtiers. Tab lag luam thiab diplomacy tshwm sim los ntawm xwm txheej nyob rau hauv lub tus kheej thiab kev spheres ntawm lub neej Vasily Ivanovich. Ob tug ntawm nws cov ntsiab siv tej yaam num tau tso tseg rau kev nom kev tswv los yog nyiaj txiag yog vim li cas. Nws yog tsis tau nqa tawm nws tes num rau qhov reconstruction ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Kremlin Palace. Lub Imperial Palace nyob rau hauv Tsaritsyno, uas yog ua rau cov tub ntxhais ntawm tag nrho cov Tsaritsyno complex twb puas lawm by Catherine II. Lwm project, tus Moscow State University tsev, muab sawv mus ntse tsis sib haum nrog tus qub tus siab zoo, kws kes duab vajtse, Prokofiev Demidov, thiab coj mus rau ib tug ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv bankruptcy Bazhenov. Ua ntej nws tuag, Vasily feem ntau txhawj xeeb txog txoj hmoo ntawm lawv cov me nyuam, vim hais tias nws ntshai tsam tsam lawv pom lawv tus kheej koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, uas nws ntshai raws li ib tug teeb meem ntawm tsis ncaj thiab treacherous.

legacy Bazhenova

Bazhenova cuab yeej cuab tam tseem tshua tsis qoos taub. Muaj xav phem cais tsis hais txog lub authorship ntaus nqi mus rau nws ib co khoom. Nyob rau hauv kev, raws li seb lub tsev Bazhenov kes duab vajtse Pashkov tsev? Nws yog ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm nws cov thwj tim, uas nws tau npaj rau ntau ntawm cov xyoo qhia nyob rau Academy of Arts. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Catherine Paul kuv tsa Vasily Ivanovich Vice-President ntawm lub Academy. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws txojsia ntau soj ntsuam ntawm, nyob rau hauv particular, Igor Grabar, Shvidkovskiy DO Ua tsaug rau lawv ib tug ntau, tab sis tsis txhua yam yog tseeb. Nyob rau hauv "Sau ntawv rau lub sights ntawm Moscow" Karamzin piv Bazhenova tej yaam num nrog Plato 's koom pheej thiab Thomas More lub Utopia. Tej zaum yog vim li cas lawv tsis tau muab los siv.