Muab hlwb nrog lub zog. qhov chaw ntawm lub zog

Los ntawm lub hlwb tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob, tsuas yog cov kab mob. Lawv muab txhua yam tsim nyog rau lub neej kev ntawm cov nroj tsuag los yog tsiaj. Cell thiab tej zaum yuav nws tus kheej yuav yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub cev. Thiab yuav ua li cas yuav xws li ib tug complex qauv nyob tsis muaj zog? Ntawm cov hoob kawm tsis tau. Yog li ntawd ua li cas koj kom muaj cell zog? Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem uas yuav tau los sib tham li hauv qab no.

Muab hlwb zog: yuav ua li cas yog nws tshwm sim?

Ob peb lub hlwb tau lawv lub zog los ntawm sab nraum, lawv ua kom muaj nws lawv tus kheej. Eukaryotic hlwb muaj ib yam ntawm cov "noj". Thiab qhov ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv lub cell yog lub mitochondria - organelles hais tias nws generates. Nws yog tus txheej txheem ntawm cell respiration. Vim nws, thiab muaj yog txij nkawm ntawm lub hlwb nrog lub zog. Txawm li cas los, lawv yog tam sim no xwb nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab fungi. Nyob rau hauv lub hlwb tsis mitochondria kab mob. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum xyuas kom meej lub cell zog yog mas vim rau tus txheej txheem ntawm fermentation, thiab tsis ua pa lawm.

Tus qauv ntawm lub mitochondria

Nws dvumembranny organelle, uas nyob rau hauv ib tug eukaryotic cell nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm haum ntawm nws cov finer prokaryotic hlwb. Qhov no tej zaum yuav piav qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub mitochondria tuaj nws tus kheej DNA thiab RNA raws li mitochondrial ribosomes uas tsim lub Desired qhov cov nqaijrog organelles.

Lub puab membrane muaj protuberances, uas yog hu ua lub crista los yog ridges. Christie thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cell respiration.

Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub ob week, hu ua ib tug matrix. Nws txheej txheem cov nqaijrog, enzymes yuav tsum tau mus leeb tshuaj tshua, raws li zoo raws li RNA molecules, DNA thiab ribosomes.

Cellular ua pa - lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej

Nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv peb ua sawv. Cia saib txhua tus ntawm cov nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Tus thawj theem - kev npaj

Thaum lub sij hawm no theem, complex organic tebchaw raug tawg cia rau hauv yooj yim. Yog li ntawd, cov proteins decompose rau cov amino acids, Sibhawm - mus carboxylic acids thiab glycerol, nucleic acid - mus nucleotides, thiab carbohydrates - mus qabzib.

glycolysis

Nws anoxic theem. Nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tau nyob rau hauv thawj theem, yog tawg down ntxiv. Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lub zog siv los ntawm lub cell ntawm no theem - cov zib molecules. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm glycolysis decomposes rau ob molecules ntawm pyruvate. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub kaum sib law liag tshuaj tshua. Vim hais tias thawj thawj tsib lub, qabzib yog phosphorylated, thiab ces splits rau hauv ob phosphotriose. Nyob rau hauv lub tsib tshua ua ob molecules ntawm ATP (adenosine triphosphate) thiab ob molecules ntawm STC (pyruvic acid). Zog hlwb thiab muab cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ATP.

Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm glycolysis yuav yooj yim zog los qhia raws li nram no:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2H ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Yog li, siv ib molecule qabzib, ob molecules ntawm ADP thiab ob phosphoric acid, lub cell tau txais ob molecules ntawm ATP (zog) thiab ob molecules ntawm pyruvic acid, uas nws yuav siv nyob rau hauv lub kauj ruam tom ntej.

Qhov thib peb theem - oxidation

Qhov no kauj ruam tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen. Tshuaj lom neeg tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv no theem ntawm lub mitochondria. Hais tias qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cellular ua pa, thaum lub sij hawm uas tso tawm cov tshaj zog. Rau ntawm no theem, pyruvic acid, reacts nrog rau oxygen, yog cleaved rau dej thiab carbon dioxide. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog txoj kev 36 ATP molecules. Yog li, peb yuav xaus uas lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb - piam thaj thiab pyruvic acid.

Ntsiab lus cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab twg kom paub meej, peb yuav nthuav qhia tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntawm tes ua pa ib simplified kab zauv:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6SO ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm ua tsis taus pa los ntawm ib tug zib molecule rau oxygen molecules peb caug yim molecules ntawm ADP thiab tib tus nqi ntawm phosphoric acid cell tau txais 38 ATP molecules, thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov muab lub zog.

Qhov ntau haiv mitochondrial enzymes

Lub zog rau lub neej ntawm lub cell tau txais vim ua pa - oxidation qabzib, thiab ces pyruvic acid. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsis muab qhov chaw tsis muaj enzymes - lom catalysts. Cia saib cov uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub mitochondria - organelles lub luag hauj lwm rau cellular respiration. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog hu ua oxidoreductases vim hais tias cov kev xav tau rau oxidation-yuav txo tau kev tig cev.

Tag nrho oxidoreductases yuav tau muab faib ua ob pawg:

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv aerobic thiab co. Aerobic muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg Coenzyme riboflavin hais tias lub cev tau txais los ntawm vitamin B2. Aerobic dehydrogenase comprise molecules li coenzymes NAD thiab NADP.

Oxidases muaj ntau ntau haiv neeg. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv muab faib ua ob pawg:

• cov neeg uas muaj tooj liab;
• cov neeg nyob rau hauv uas ib tug yog ib feem ntawm cov hlau yog tam sim no.

Cov yav tas los xws li polyphenol, ascorbate, mus rau lub thib ob - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib ua plaub pawg:

• cytochromes ib tug;
• cytochrome b;
• cytochrome c;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes thiab muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg zhelezoformilporfirin, cytochromes b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - pawg zhelezomezoporfirin, d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Yeej yuav muaj lwm txoj kev los tsim lub zog?

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov hlwb txais nws raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cellular ua pa, tseem muaj co kab mob nyob ua ib ke uas tsis yuav tsum tau oxygen. Lawv ua qhov tsim nyog zog los ntawm fermentation. Qhov no yog ib tug txheej txheem thaum lub sij hawm uas carbohydrates yog isoleucine los ntawm enzymes tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov pa, uas ib tug ntawm tes thiab lijchoj zog. Muaj ob peb hom ntawm fermentation, nyob ntawm seb qhov kawg khoom ntawm tshuaj tshua. Nws yog lactic acid, haus dej cawv, butyric acid, acetone, butane, citric acid.

Piv txwv li, xav txog lub cawv fermentation. Ntawm no koj yuav qhia no kab zauv:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂

Hais tias yog, ib molecule ntawm zib lov tus kab mob mus rau ib molecule ntawm ethanol thiab ob molecules ntawm (IV) carbon monoxide.