Tso cai thiab hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg (Biology)

Lub cev ntawm ntau muaj sia nyob yog ua los ntawm ntaub so ntswg. Tsuav txhob yog cov tag nrho cov unicellular thiab multicellular, ib co, piv txwv li, tsawg nroj tsuag, uas muaj xws li algae, thiab Lichens. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib hom fabrics. Biology kawm cov kev kawm, uas yog nws cov seem - histology. Lub npe ntawm daim teb no yog tau los ntawm cov Greek lo lus "cov ntaub" thiab "kev txawj ntse." Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm fabrics. Biology kev tshawb fawb, thiab nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj. Lawv muaj qhov sib txawv. Ntaub so ntswg, tej hom nqaij txog biology kev tshawb fawb rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Lawv tau piav rau cov thawj lub sij hawm, txawm tias cov neeg thaum ub kws tshawb fawb xws li Aristotle thiab Avicenna. Ntaub so ntswg, tej hom nqaij txog biology tseem mus tshawb ntxiv - nyob rau hauv lub puas tawm xyoo, lawv soj ntsuam xws zoo-paub zaum li Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig thiab lwm tus neeg. Nrog lawv koom tes, tshiab hom ntawm cell coob kawm lawv zog twb nrhiav tau.

Hom ntawm fabrics - Biology

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias cov ntaub so ntswg uas yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, yog tsis raug ntawm cov tsiaj. Yog li ntawd, cov hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg txog biology yuav tau muab faib ua ob pawg: cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj. Ob leeg muab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau ntau yam. Cov peb yuav npaj mus sib tham txog.

Hom tsiaj ntaub so ntswg

Yuav pib nrog, nws yog los ze zog rau peb. Txij li thaum peb yuav mus rau tus tsiaj lub nceeg vaj, peb lub cev muaj precisely cov ntaub so ntswg, uas ntau yam yuav tam sim no yuav tau piav. Tsiaj hom nqaij yuav grouped ua plaub sab pawg: epithelial, nqaij, connective thiab tshee. Thawj peb yog muab faib ua ntau ntau yam. Tsuas yog tus xeem pab pawg neeg yog sawv cev los ntawm tsuas yog ib hom. Tom ntej no, xav txog tag nrho cov hom ntawm fabrics, qauv thiab kev khiav dej num uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

tshee cov ntaub so ntswg

Txij li thaum nws tsuas yog ib tug ntau yam, pib nrog nws. Lub hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg hu ua neurons. Txhua yam ntawm lawv muaj ib lub cev, ib tug axon thiab dendrites. Qhov kawg - nws dab uas ib tug hluav taws xob lam yog kis tau los ntawm cell rau ntawm tes. Lub axon ntawm ib tug neuron nyob rau hauv ib tug - nws yog ib tug ntev txoj kev, ob peb dendrites, lawv yog me dua cov thawj. Lub cell lub cev yog tus tub ntxhais. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm nyob thiaj hu ua Nissl hlwb - analogue endoplasmic retikulluma, mitochondria uas tsim lub zog, thiab neyrotrubochki uas koom nyob rau hauv lub conduction ntawm ib tug lam ua los ntawm ib tug cell mus rau lwm lub. Nyob ntawm seb lawv zog, lub neurons raug muab faib ua ob peb hom. Tus thawj hom - piav thoob hlo, los yog afferent. Lawv ua impulses los ntawm lub siab kabmob rau lub paj hlwb. Qhov thib ob hom neuron - associative, los yog switching. Lawv tsom xam cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm qhov txhia thiab kom muaj ib tug rov qab mem tes. Tej hom neurons pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum. Cov yav tas ntau yam - lub cev muaj zog los yog afferent. Lawv nqa mem tes los ntawm cov associative neuron rau nruab nrog cev. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cov ntaub so ntswg muaj intercellular substance. Nws ua ib tug heev ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi, raws li nws muab ib tug taag qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm neurons yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub hlwb los ntawm pliaj yam.

epithelial

Cov no yog cov hom ntawm ntaub so ntswg uas nws hlwb zoo uas nyob ib sab mus rau txhua lwm yam. Lawv yuav muaj ntau daim, tab sis yeej ib txwm nyob ze. Tag nrho cov sib txawv ntawm cov fabrics ntawm no pab pawg neeg zoo sib xws thiab hais tias cov intercellular tshuaj nyob rau hauv lawv tsis txaus. Nws yog tsuas yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib cov kua, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub tej zaum nws yuav tsis tau. Qhov no hom ntawm cev nqaij, uas muab kev tiv thaiv, thiab kuj khiav lag luam secretory muaj nuj nqi. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li ob peb ntau yam. Nws yog ib tug ca, cylindrical, nyhav, kov, ciliated thiab glandular epithelium. Los ntawm lub npe ntawm txhua tus muaj peev xwm to taub los ntawm dab tsi daim ntawv lawv tseem muaj li ntawm hlwb. Ntau hom kev epithelial ntaub so ntswg yog sib txawv thiab nws qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub cev. Yog li, lub tiaj kab cov kab noj hniav ntawm lub sab sauv hnyuv - lub qhov ncauj thiab txoj hlab nqos mov. Columnar epithelium nyob rau hauv lub plab thiab cov hnyuv. Sau lo lus teb yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub raum tubules. Kov kab lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav, rau nws muaj kev tshwj xeeb villi, muab lub xaav ntawm tsw. Ciliated epithelium hlwb, raws li yog tseeb los ntawm nws lub npe, muaj cytoplasmic cilia. Qhov no zoo ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg meem hauv txoj hlab pa uas yog hauv qab no lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav. Lub cilia, uas muaj txhua ntawm tes ua ib tug cleansing muaj nuj nqi - lawv dog dig lim cua uas kis tau los ntawm lub cev nestled cov views epithelium. Qhov kawg hom no pab pawg neeg cov ntaub so ntswg - glandular epithelium. Nws hlwb ua secretory muaj nuj nqi. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub qog, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm tej yam kabmob xws li hauv lub plab. Hlwb ntawm no hom ntawm epithelium ua cov tshuaj hormones, earwax, pais plab kua txiv, mis nyuj, sebum, thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj.

tej nqaij

Qhov no pab pawg neeg yog muab faib ua peb hom. Cov nqaij yog ib tug smooth, striated thiab lub plawv. Tag nrho cov nqaij yog zoo ib yam li cov neeg uas muaj li ntawm ntev hlwb - fiber, lawv muaj ib tug heev loj tus naj npawb ntawm mitochondria, raws li lawv xav tau ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog rau kev tshem. Du nqaij kab cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov hauv nruab nrog cev. Yuav txo tau kev mob peb yuav tswj tsis tau lawv tus kheej, raws li lawv yog innervated los ntawm cov autonomic lub paj hlwb. Hlwb striated nqaij ntaub so ntswg yog yus nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv muaj ntau mitochondria tshaj nyob rau hauv thawj zaug. Qhov no yog vim hais tias lawv xav tau ntau zog. Striated nqaij yog tau tsis kam ntau npaum li cas ceev tshaj tus. Nws muaj skeletal leeg. Lawv innervated los ntawm cov Somatic tshee system, yog li ntawd peb yuav consciously tswj lawv. Nqaij plawv cov ntaub so ntswg combines ib co yam ntxwv ntawm thawj ob lub. Nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm raws li kev koom thiab sai heev tsis kam raws li striated, tab sis yog innervated los ntawm cov autonomic lub paj hlwb, raws li zoo raws li tus.

Kev twb kev txuas cov hom ntawm fabrics thiab lawv cov functions

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm intercellular substance. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, nws tshwm nyob rau hauv lub kua hauv lub xeev, ib co - nyob rau hauv cov kua, thiab tej zaum - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug amorphous loj. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li xya hom. Nws yog tuab thiab xoob fiber, cov pob txha, pob txha mos, reticular, adipose, cov ntshav. Nyob rau hauv ib tug thawj variation ntawm fiber yeej. Nws yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev. Nws muaj nuj nqi yog muab lawv ua yooj yim thiab kev tiv thaiv. Lub xoob fibrous cov ntaub so ntswg amorphous loj prevails tshaj los ntawm lub fibers. Nws kiag li nyob qhov khoob ntawm cov hauv nruab nrog cev, thaum tuab fibrous ntaub ntawv tsuas ib yam ntawm cov plhaub ib ncig ntawm lub tom kawg. Nws kuj plays ib tug tiv thaiv luag hauj lwm. Pob Txha thiab pob txha mos cov ntaub so ntswg txoj kev ua rau lub cev pob txha. Nws ua nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov nyiaj them yug muaj nuj nqi thiab cov kev tiv thaiv ib feem. Lub hlwb thiab lub intercellular tshuaj predominate pob txha inorganic tshuaj, mas calcium tebchaw thiab phosphates. Cov ntaub ntawv pauv tshuaj ntawm lub cev pob txha thiab cov ntshav tswj cov tshuaj hormones xws li calcitonin thiab paratireotropin. Keeb kwm txhawb qub pob txha pib nyob rau hauv hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm phosphorus thiab poov hlau ions nyob rau hauv cov organic compound, muab cia rau hauv lub cev pob txha. Ib tug thib ob, conversely, nrog ib tug tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ions nyob rau hauv cov ntshav provokes tau lawv los ntawm skeletal ntaub so ntswg.

Cov ntshav muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov kua intercellular yeeb tshuaj, nws yog hu ua ib tug ntshav. Nws hlwb es svoebrazny. Lawv muab faib ua peb yam: platelets, cov ntshav liab thiab qe ntshav dawb. Tus thawj yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov ntshav txhaws. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, nws tsim nyob rau ib tug me me thrombus uas tiv thaiv ntxiv ntshav poob. Cov ntshav liab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov thauj ntawm cov pa thoob plaws lub cev thiab muab lawv nrog tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob. Tej zaum lawv yuav aglyutinogeny hais tias muaj ob hom - A thiab B. Cov ntshav ntshav yuav aglyutininov cov ntsiab lus ntawm alpha los yog beta. Lawv yog cov anti-aglyutinogenam. Rau cov tshuaj, thiab txiav txim rau cov ntshav pab pawg neeg. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv cov ntshav liab yog tsis cai aglyutinogenov thiab ntshav muaj ob hom aglyutininy tam sim ntawd. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg muaj aglyutinogenom aglyutininom A thiab beta. Peb - B, thiab alpha. Nyob rau hauv ntshav, plaub tsis muaj aglyutininov, tab sis cov ntshav liab yog aglyutinogeny ob A thiab B. Yog hais tias Ib tug yog nyob rau hauv alpha los yog beta, muaj lub thiaj li hu ua agglutination cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas ua nyob rau hauv cov ntshav liab tuag thiab daim ntawv txhaws. Qhov no tej zaum yuav tshwm sim yog tias ntshav nonconforming pab pawg neeg. Muab hais tias transfusions yog tsuas yog siv erythrocytes (ntshav yog tshem tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov ntshav ua theem), tus neeg tsuas nws cov ntshav yuav transfused mus rau tus thawj pab pawg neeg yog cov pab pawg neeg nrog tus thib ob - Ntshav thawj thiab thib ob pab pawg neeg, peb - tus thawj thiab thib peb pab pawg, plaub - ntawm tej pab pawg.

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov ntshav liab tej zaum yuav antigens D, uas txiav txim seb tus v zoo tshaj, yog tias tam sim no, lub tom kawg yog zoo, yog tias tsis muaj - tsis muaj. Lymphocytes yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev tiv thaiv. Lawv muab faib ua ob lub ntsiab pawg: B lymphocytes thiab T lymphocytes. Thawj ua nyob rau hauv lub hlwb pob txha, lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub thymus (a caj pas nyob qab lub breastbone). T-lymphocytes yog txwv kom muab zais rau hauv T-inducers, T-pab thiab T-suppressors. Reticular connective cov ntaub so ntswg muaj li ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm extracellular matrix thiab qia hlwb. Ntawm no, tsim ntshav. Qhov no ntaub yog lub hauv paus ntawm hloov hlwb pob txha thiab lwm yam hematopoietic kabmob. Muaj kuj yog adipose ntaub so ntswg, lub hlwb uas muaj lipids. Nws ua ib tug thaub qab, thiab tej zaum kuj thermal rwb thaiv tsev tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov nroj tsuag?

Cov kab mob no, xws li cov tsiaj, yog muaj li ntawm aggregates ntawm hlwb thiab intercellular substance. Hom cog cov ntaub so ntswg peb piav qhia txog tom ntej no. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab faib ua ob peb pawg loj. Qhov no yog ib qho kev kawm ntawv, txheej, conductive, neeg kho tshuab thiab yooj yim. Heev heev hom ntawm tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg, txij li thaum nws zwm rau ib ob peb mus rau txhua pab pawg neeg.

kev kawm ntawv

Cov no muaj xws apical, sab, thiab intercalary mob. Lawv lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi - los xyuas kom meej txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lawv muaj xws li ntawm me me hlwb uas muaj kev koom faib, thiab ces qha mus rau daim ntawv txhua yam ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Apical yog ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub stems thiab cov keeb kwm, lub sab - nyob rau hauv lub kav, nyob rau hauv lub npog, cov inserting - nyob rau hauv cov kev bases interstices, mob - nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev raug mob.

yuav tsum vov

Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm tuab ntawm phab ntsa li ntawm cellulose. Lawv ua si ib tug tiv luag hauj lwm. Muaj peb hom: lub epidermis, Cork, Cork. Tus thawj npog tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Tej zaum nws yuav muaj ib tug tiv thaiv waxy lo, raws li yog nws cov plaub mos mos, stomata, cuticle pores. Cork yog txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias nws tsis tau, rau tag nrho lwm cov yam ntxwv, nws yog zoo li tus epidermis. Stopper - coverslips tuag ntaub so ntswg uas tsim tsob ntoo tawv ntoo.

conductive

Cov ntaub tuaj nyob rau hauv ob hom: cov xylem thiab phloem. Lawv muaj nuj nqi - thauj ntawm yaj tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov dej los ntawm cov keeb kwm mus rau lwm cov nruab nrog cev thiab vice versa. Xylem yog tsim ntawm receptacles tsim los ntawm tuag hlwb nrog txhav zoo li muaj transverse webs. Lawv thauj cov kua upwards. Phloem - sab cib hlab - nyob hlwb, uas tsis muaj nuclei. Cross week muaj loj pores. Nrog rau ntau yam ntawm tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg tshuaj yaj nyob rau hauv dej, yog thauj downwards.

cov neeg kho tshuab

Lawv kuj tuaj nyob rau hauv ob hom: cov collenchyma thiab sclerenchyma. Lawv lub ntsiab hauj lwm - los xyuas kom meej lub dag lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob. Collenchyma sawv cev los ntawm nyob hlwb nrog ntxhov zoo li yog nruj nreem nyob ib sab mus rau txhua lwm yam. Sclerenchyma yog muaj li ntawm elongated tuag hlwb nrog nyuaj zoo li.

ntsiab

Raws li yog tseeb los ntawm lawv lub npe, lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov nroj hauv nruab nrog cev. Lawv yog cov assimilation thiab hloov. Tus thawj yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab ib feem ntawm cov nplooj thiab cov kav. Cov hlwb yog cov chloroplasts, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau photosynthesis. Cov cia ntaub so ntswg noog organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob no cov hmoov txhuv nplej.