Formula toluene: dab tsi yog toluene, thiab yuav ua li cas kom tau nws?

Arena, uas muaj xws li toluene, yuav pom tau tias raws li derivatives ntawm tus tsim thiab thawj tug tswv cuab ntawm lub homologous series - benzene. Cov kev mis ntawm tebchaw uas yuav mus rau hauv chav kawm ntawv, - C _n H _2n-6. Nyob rau hauv molecules ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons muaj benzene nplhaib (nplhaib ntxhais). Formula toluene C ₇ H ₈ qhia tshuaj teej tug mus rau qhov no loj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Muaj ntau ntawm toluene yog lub npe hu nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv lub npe - methylbenzene. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tau ua ntau nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, nws yog siv raws li cov organic hnyav, thiab stain remover rau lwm yam.

Yuav ua li cas yog toluene?

Ib qho tseem ceeb arenes - toluene - yog ib tug methyl derivative ntawm benzene. Cov dej-insoluble tsis muaj kob kua muaj ib tug qab zib tsw reminiscent ntawm cov xim tsev, lacquers, cov kuab tshuaj.

Tshuaj mis toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - tej zaum yuav tsum muab sau txawv: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus naj npawb ntawm atoms tshua ib yam tab sis zoo markedly los ntawm benzene, uas yog lub radical - methyl.

Siv lwm yam ntsiab cai ntawm nomenclature, lub compound yog hu ua methylbenzene thiab fenilmetanom. Qhov no yog tib yam toluene, cov kev mis yog C ₇ H _8. Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los cov ntaub ntawv nws tsom rua lub fact tias ib tug hydrogen atom los ntawm cov neeg uas txuam nrog cov pa roj carbon ntawm lub benzene nplhaib yog pawg los ntawm ib tug methyl radical. Rau qhov thib ob lub npe xaiv ib tug txawv mus kom ze. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias methane ib hydrogen yog hloov los ntawm ib tug phenyl radical. Qhov no particle, uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab benzene, muab ib tug hydrogen atom.

molecular qauv

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov organic teeb meem, muaj raws thiaj tau tuaj ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen atoms, qhia toluene mis. Sharosterzhnevye thiab ntim qauv muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecule ntawm lub compound, raws li cov los ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm tib homologous series. Muaj zoo sib xws ntawm toluene thiab benzene, uas yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub nplhaib ntawm 6 carbon atoms, nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm sp ² hybridization. Txhua yam ntawm cov peb cov ntaub ntawv sigma bonds nrog nyob sib ze hais (ob tug carbon atoms thiab ib hydrogen). Perpendicular nplhaib tshwm sim ib zaug xwb hluav taws xob system ntawm qhov seem uas tsis yog-hybrid p-orbitals (ib nyob rau hauv rau cov pa roj carbon atoms). Cov ua ib tug tseem ceeb lub zog thiab stability ntawm tag nrho cov voj voog, thiab chaw pib lub substance toluene. Cov yam ntxwv mis muaj xws li tebchaw xya carbon los ntawm cov methyl pab pawg neeg, uas yog tau SP ³ hybridization. Nws yog txuam nrog peb hydrogen atoms, thiab cov plaub kev twb kev txuas siv ib tug compound nrog ib tug carbon nyob rau hauv lub benzene nplhaib.

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev mis methylbenzene

Lub electron ceev ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms uas rau muaj ntxhiab nplhaib, yog faib tusyees. Cov tshwm sim yog reflected nyob rau hauv cov mis benzene, toluene, thiab lwm yam paub arenes aromaticity (qhov ib ncig ntawm lub nplhaib). Nws yog sau tseg thiab muaj cov lub methyl radical ntawm ib qho ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Kev sib txuas lus ntawm tag nrho cov hais no qhia los ntawm dashes. Cov yam ntxwv mis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no qhia qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntxwv yooj yim ntawm cov molecular qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem.

Yooj yim zog toluene mis - nrog rau lub nplhaib nyob rau hauv lub hexagon los yog dashes, yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Lub methyl pab pawg neeg yuav tsum tau nyob ib yam ntawm cov rau atomic nuclei, lawv yog muaj sib npaug rau txhua tus lwm yam. Lub disadvantage ntawm no txoj kev lub daim duab yog tseeb. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis muab cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm teeb meem thiab cov equivalence ntawm tag nrho cov carbon-carbon bonds nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib.

Tau methylbenzene nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj thiab kev lag luam

Nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, lub toluene twb xub tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1835-1938 P. Pelletier thiab A. Deville. Tus thawj zaum distillation ntawm cov ntoo thuv cov pos hniav, thiab lub thib ob siv tolu balsam rho tawm los ntawm lub South American tsob ntoo Toluifera nyob rau hauv Colombia. Ntawd, muaj ib lub npe rau cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - toluene. Tam sim no ib tug txiav txim tus naj npawb ntawm methylbenzene muab distillation ntawm cov roj av thiab thee ib, raws li los ntawm purification. Nyob rau hauv lub coking txheej txheem, toluene yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub coke cub gas. Nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm styrene nws yog tso tawm raws li ib tug byproduct ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm benzene thiab ethylene. Nyob rau hauv lub laboratory thiab kev lag luam uas tau txais toluene ua los ntawm ntau txoj kev.

1. Dehydrocyclization ntawm acyclic hydrocarbons. Toluene twb npaj los ntawm heptane nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 300 C °.
2. Alkylation ntawm benzene, uas hu ua Friedel-Crafts cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm AlCl3 catalyst los yog lwm yam catalysts ntawm: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ Cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Sis nrog bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Nws zinc thiab cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ OH + ZN = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Ua toluenesulfonic acid.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm methylbenzene

Toluene, lub yam ntxwv mis ntawm uas muaj ib tug benzene nucleus, exhibits lub cev thaj chaw uas yog ntse uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw.

1. Pob tshab tsis muaj kob kua number case emits tsw.
2. Methylbenzene hardens thaum uas tsis muaj kub thiab pib yaj thaum -93 ° C.
3. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm toluene yog 110,63 ° C. tshuaj yeeb dej caw ceev - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene solubility nyob rau hauv dej ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 20 ° C - 0,47 g / l. Hniav puas loj ntawm lub substance M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / mol.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm toluene: oxidation

Thaj chaw ntawm arenes yog txiav txim sib ruaj khov voj voog rau cov pa roj carbon atoms. Formula toluene - yog ib tug benzene nplhaib uas yog unsaturated thawm xyoo thiab methyl radical. Aromatic hydrocarbons los ntawm cov khoom zoo ib yam li alkenes, uas yog yus los ntawm ib tug tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los, cov hydrogen atoms nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm benzene thiab nws homologues tej zaum yuav koom nyob rau hauv hloov tshua, uas coj cov arena thiab alkanes. Toluene yog ntau reactive tshaj benzene. Rau ib tug raug oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus neeg saib xyuas.

1. Hlawv, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev tso cai ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab tsim los ntawm dej: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm toluene nrog poov tshuaj permanganate oxidizes lub methyl pawg nyob rau hauv lub sab saw ntawm cov molecule rau carboxyl substance. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm benzoic acid yog tau.

Tshuaj lom neeg tshua toluene uas muaj ntxhiab nucleus

1. Bromination, uas yog ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalysts. Halogenated khoom yog tsim: C ₇ H ₈ + Br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ Br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene nitration yog nqa tawm nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm feeb meej nitric thiab sulfuric acids. Lub nitro pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv toluene yuav nyob lub ortho thiab para txoj hauj lwm. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais raws li lub mechanism ntawm electrophilic hloov chaw. trinitrotoluene (TNT), heev yog tsim thaum muaj kev kub kub.
3. Hydrogenation ntawm hydrogen rau lub catalyst ua rau kev npaj ntawm dearomatization thiab methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination nrog si nyhav cua kub los yog los ntawm UV tawg ua kom tiav daim ntawv hexachlorocyclohexane.

Daim ntawv thov methylbenzene

Toluene yog dav siv raws li ib tug raw khoom nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ntau yam. Kev siv cov toluene:

• muab dyes;
• manufacturing stain removers, detergents;
• Siv thiab ua cov explosives TNT;
• siv raws li kuab adhesives, xim, hluavtaws naj hoom thiab tu cov neeg ua hauj;
• zus tau tej cov xim tsev rau kev tsim kho ua hauj lwm;
• tso zis rau tes;
• pharmaceuticals;
• ua roj octane;
• organic synthesis benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, saccharin, benzyl cawv thiab lwm yam tshuaj;

Lub toluene ua raws li ib tug muaj kuab nyob rau hauv qhuav tu kev lag luam, yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tanning ntawm hides. Nws yog ib tug precursor rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov roj cov khoom, phenol, formaldehyde, tshuaj tua kab thiab lwm yam sib txuas.

toluene toxicity

Methylbenzene yam khoom uas yuav muaj hluav taws kub teeb meem. Lub chav cua sib tov cia li tawg nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob. Toluene yog cov kua. Cov yam ntxwv mis muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv, tab sis tsis muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov teebmeem ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nws yog pom tias toluene yog tshuaj lom, carcinogenic kev txiav txim. Khub niam txiv methylbenzene yooj yim txeem ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ua pa system, ua rau kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub central lub paj hlwb, voos ntawm daim npog cov ntaub so ntswg, dermatitis. Thaum nqus tau cov pa vapors ntawm toluene nyob rau hauv tib neeg zoo nkaus li nkees, tshee, impaired kev ua si ntawm lub vestibular apparatus. Ua hauj lwm nrog toluene, xim, cov kuab tshuaj yuav tsum hnav hnab looj tes, kom huv si pas tawm hauv chav los yog ua rau kev siv ntawm cov hood. Methylbenzene yog tsis muaj zog narcotic tshuaj, ua rau lub kev quav yeeb tshuaj toluene. Lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tsis zoo feem ntawm tshuaj:

• khaus qhov muag thiab disturbance ntawm cov xim lub zeem muag;
• long-term raug yuav ua rau tsis hnov lus;
• siab concentration nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ua rau lub siab puas, mob raum necrosis;
• Nqus tau pa loj npaum li cas ntawm cov pa ua rau kiv taub hau, nkees nkees, mob taub hau.

xaus

Toluene yog ua nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau nyob rau hauv petrochemical nroj tsuag los yog tau raws li ib tug los ntawm-cov khoom coke cov nroj tsuag. Cov compound yog ib tug tseem ceeb raw khoom rau loj-scale organic synthesis siv nyob rau hauv tus kws kev lag luam. Muaj methylbenzene ntawm ntau ntau yam ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm nrog cov xim tsev. Toluene hais txog cov kev faib ntawm tshuaj lom tebchaw mus III chav kawm ntawv ntawm teeb meem. Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ib yam khoom uas tus concentration ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv cov huab cua yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj determined huv kev tswj cai. Peb yuav tsis cia cov tuav ntawm toluene tsos ntawm qhib nplaim taws, txim taws, tej zaum nws yuav ua rau ib qho kev tawg. Tseem muaj tej teeb meem txuam nrog rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm toluene rau hauv lub chaw:

• los ntawm burning roj, txawv fuels;
• nyob rau hauv active volcanoes;
• nyob rau hauv hav zoov hluav taws kub;
• siv kuab tshuaj thiab xim.

Cov tshuaj lom thaj chaw ntawm toluene, tua hluav taws thiab tawg tsis muaj yuav tsum tau precautionary kev kho mob kua tshuaj thiab nws cov pa.