Livonian ua tsov ua rog 1558-1583 xyoo tau ua ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws campaigns ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Ivana Groznogo. Thiab tag nrho cov XVI xyoo pua, tej zaum.
Livonian ua tsov ua rog: luv luv nyob rau thaj chaw
Tom qab tus poj Muscovite tsar muaj peev xwm yuav tsum yeej xwb Kazan thiab Astrakhan Khanate, Ivan IV muab nws lub xim rau cov Baltic pawg neeg thaj av thiab lub hiav txwv Baltic. Tus capture ntawm cov cheeb tsam rau cov Moscow nceeg vaj yuav txhais li cas pheej cib fim los mus pauv nyob rau hauv lub Baltic. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tsawm muaj twb German ua lag luam thiab cov Livonian Order yog tsis tshua disadvantageous tso cai rau tshiab sib tw mus rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Daws teeb meem ntawm cov contradictions, thiab tau ua qhov Livonian ua tsov ua rog. Luv luv mention yuav tsum tau ua hais txog lub formal yog vim li cas rau nws. Lawv tau txais kev pab raws li qhov uas tsis yog-them tribute los ntawm lub Livonian Order, uas tus npis sov cov ntawm Dorpat raug yuam ua hauj them nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm Moscow raws li qhov kev pom zoo nyob rau hauv 1554. Kev lig kev cai, qhov no tribute tau muaj txij li thaum pib ntawm lub XVI caug xyoo. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum txog nws rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tsis muaj ib tug nco qab txog. Tsuas yog nrog cov aggravation ntawm lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob tog, Ivan Grozny siv no fact raws li ib tug neeg ncajncees rau Lavxias teb sab ntxeem tau mus rau hauv lub hiav txwv Baltic.
Livonian ua tsov ua rog: luv luv txog lub vicissitudes ntawm qhov teeb meem
Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog pib qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Livonia nyob rau hauv 1558. Tus thawj theem ntawm lub tsheb sib tsoo, uas ntawd kub ntev li kom txog thaum 1561, tau ua tiav crushing yeej ntawm lub Livonian Order. Cov tub rog ntawm lub Moscow tsar pogroms marched los ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab central Livonia. Dorpat thiab Riga tau npaum li cas. Nyob rau hauv 1559, lub tog kos npe rau ib truce rau rau lub hlis, uas yog los tsim rau hauv ib tug kev sib haum xeeb treaty rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm vassalage ntawm lub Livonian Order los ntawm Russia. Tab sis kom pab tau tus German knights pib ceev rau tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Poland thiab Sweden. Korol Sigizmund II diplomatic maneuver twb tau mus noj qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej protectorate. Thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv cog lus Vilna Livonian Order mus nyob qhovtwg li nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1561. Nws lub teb chaws faib nruab nrab ntawm Lithuania thiab Poland. Tam sim no Ivanu Groznomu yuav tsum tau hais ib zaug peb muaj hwj chim loj rivals: Duchy ntawm Lithuania, Kingdom ntawm Poland thiab lub Swedish. Nrog rau tom kawg, txawm li cas los, lub Tsar ntawm Muscovy yuav sai sai ua kev kaj siab rau ib pliag. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1562-63 yuav pib lub thib ob loj-scale phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Baltic. Txheej xwm Livonian ua tsov ua rog, nyob rau ntawm no theem, txuas ntxiv mus tsim zoo. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 1560s rau cov kev txwv sab kev sib raug zoo ntawm Ivanom Groznym thiab cov boyars xaiv zoo siab. Qhov teeb meem no yog ntxiv aggravated vim lub defection ntawm ib tug ntawm lub ze tshaj associates ntawm tus tub huabtais lub Andreya Kurbskogo rau Lithuania thiab nws desertion rau tus yeeb ncuab (yog vim li cas hais tias sim hawm caij nyoog lub nobleman, yog lub loj hlob despotism ntawm lub Moscow nqi zog thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ancient kev ywjpheej ntawm nom tswv cajceg). Tom qab qhov kev tshwm sim, Ivan Grozny thaum kawg tawv, pom ib ncig ntawm nws khoom traitors. Thaum uas tig mus no tshwm sim, thiab xwb nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, uas piav txog tus tub huabtais ntawm Internal yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau hauv 1569, Lithuania thiab Poland koom rau hauv ib lub xeev uas Nws yuav ntxiv zog rau lawv lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1560 lub - thaum ntxov 70 lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog raug kev txom nyem ib tug series ntawm xwb thiab txawm poob ib ob peb fortresses. Nrog rau cov 1579 tsov ua rog rau lub Grand Duchy ntawm Moscow nws yog twb noj nyob rau hauv ntau defensive nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1579 tus yeeb ncuab twb ntes Polotsk, nyob rau hauv lub 1580th - Great Nyo hau, nyob rau hauv 1582, ntxiv ib tug ntev siege ntawm Pskov. Nws yog tshwm hais tias tus kos npe rau ntawm kev thaj yeeb thiab respite rau tsoom fwv tom qab xyoo ntawm cov tub rog campaigns.
Livonian ua tsov ua rog: luv luv txog lub txim
Tsov rog twb nrog cov kos npe uas tsis tshua muaj unfavorable rau Moscow Plyusskogo thiab taw dais Zapolskoho truces. Mus saib tau hauv hiav txwv Baltic tsis tau tau txais. Es tsis txhob, Duke tau sab sab thiab ravaged lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug heev yooj yim txoj hauj lwm. Lub txim ntawm lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog accelerated nrog ntsoog uas coj mus rau lub Great Tej pib ntawm lub XVI caug xyoo.