Kws muaj txuj ci ntawm Pskov: chav kawm ntawm hostilities thiab lub txim

Lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog (1558-1583) - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tshwm sim rau sab qaum teb thaj av ntawm Russia, thiab qhov tseem ceeb yog tus tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov rau cov tub rog keeb kwm. Lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv tsov rog rau lub thoob ntiaj teb pauv kev thiab kev nkag tau mus rau lub Baltic tiv thaiv cov Livonian Order. Lavxias teb sab ua ntej hmoov zoo - ib tug muaj kev vam meej offensive rau lub sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm lub Livonian pawg neeg thaj av twb nyob rau hauv yeej. Tab sis tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv 1561 peb mus ua tsov ua rog cov neeg nyob ze, ib yam nkaus thiab, xav tias kheev lam coj rau daim ntawm cov tawg teb chaws. Zog ntawm Guj kuj tau mus tua nrog Lithuania, Poland thiab Sweden.

heroic Pskov

Nyob rau hauv thawj hnub ntawm lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog Pskov nws coj active ib feem nyob rau hauv nws: nws coj ib pab tub rog Ivana Groznogo nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no 1558, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm cov neeg ntawm Pskov, taws los ntawm tub huabtais Shuisky koom no phiaj los nqis tes. Pskov tiv thaiv yog tsis tau tuaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1559 lub Germans ravaged lub zej zog ntawm liab thiab Sebezh lossi rebuffed. Ces Lithuanians invaded yuav luag mus rau lub nroog, ravaging thiab hlawv txhua yam nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev, lawv twb raug ntaus haum sai sai, tab sis rov qab nyob rau hauv 1569 thiab coj lub nroog ntawm Izborsk.

Tug taws los ntawm King Stefan Batory nyob rau hauv 1579-m coj Polotsk, thiab ib xyoos tom qab invaded lub Pskov thiab Novgorod av. Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog yog tam sim no tsis muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sij hawm, Batory thiab nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu, tab sis vim los ntawm lawv cov sawv cev demanded tias Poland thiab Livonia haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab teb chaws ua ke nrog Pskov, Novgorod thiab Smolensk. Lawm, Ivan Grozny rau xws li ib tug deal tsis mus, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1580 tus thawj Polish troops mus txog lub Great Nyo hau. Lub inhabitants ntawm lub nroog loj no yuav tsis tiv ib tug muaj zog tub rog, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tus kheej burnt Posada thiab coj qhov chaw nkaum nyob rau hauv lub fortress ntawm tag nrho cov. Lawv tsis kam surrender. Cov rog twb tsis zoo tib, lub nroog twb npaum li cas, tau tag nrho cov tua.

Batory peb hlis ntuj mus Pskov

Nyob rau hauv 1581 muaj koob muaj npe tub rog ntawm Poland mus rau Pskov. Yog hais tias Batory tswj mus ntes lub nroog no, tej zaum, Ivan Grozny twb yuam kom pom zoo rau tej kev tsis ncaj ncees ntiaj teb no, thiab muab tag nrho rau sab qaum teb-western Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av. Tab sis tus tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov coj qhov chaw. Cov heroic txheej xwm peb paub los ntawm heev heev zaj lus tim khawv los ntawm ob warring ob tog. Hauj lwm ntawm ib tug tshwm sim xws li tus tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov, yuav tsis quav ntsej txog huab tais tus secretary Stanislaw Piotrowski, uas khaws cia ib tug chaw muag mis nyuj, piav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej txhua txhua hnub ntawm lub siege. Peb caug lub lis piam tsis kam ua tus defenders ntawm lub nroog ntawm tag nrho cov Polish pab tub rog, uas yog fiercely los nyob rau saum lub chaw ruaj khov, yog sim mus khawb nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm nce toj, mus txog ib yam dab tsi ntxeev siab rau. Nws yog tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv vain. Pskov tiv thaiv los ntawm Ivan lub 4 sawv nrees.

Txawm tias thaum Batory txiav txim siab coj Pechora fortress, cov los ua tsis tau tejyam. lub defenders raug tua. Tom qab ntawd nws mus rau txoj hauj lwm, raws li cov tsov rog av mus rau ib tug neeg ceg tawv, thiab cov tub rog nkees. Lub ib hlis ntuj 1582 yog lub sij hawm ntawm lub kos npe ntawm ib tug ntawv sib yeem lus rau tsib lub xyoos, nyob rau hauv uas Bathory tsis kam pib intentions thiab xa rov qab lub ntes Lavxias teb sab nroog. Pskov kws muaj txuj ci 4 thaum Ivan yog muaj peev xwm cawm lub invaders ntawm lawv lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb - tau raug fwm thiab lub qub Lavxias teb sab ciam teb. Thaum pib ntawm lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua yog tus thib ob tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov. Tus nrog sib ntaus lub sij hawm no yog sib txawv, thiab tus cawm seej thiab nrog rau lub Lavxias teb sab av - lub tib lub nroog, cob qhia heroes. Tus thawj siege tau qhia cov pej xeem. Tam sim no lawv muaj peev xwm ua tsis tau tsuas yog tiv thaiv, tiam sis kuj mus tua. Ib tug ntev thiab nyuaj lub sij hawm ntawm txawv teb chaws pab lawm nyob rau hauv yeej rau pheej thiab siab tawv Lavxias teb sab neeg. Nyob rau hauv 1611, lub Swedes tau yuav lub nroog ntawm Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov thiab Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus txiav txim siab hais tias tus heroic tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm. Txawm li cas los, nws miscalculated.

Swedes

Lub Swedes sim coj Pskov thaum pib ntawm 1615, tau raug ntaus, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov sau los ua ke ib tug lossis loj cov tub rog nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm General Horn thiab dua ib puag ncig lub nroog. Tus huab tais tuaj pom yuav ua li cas lub Pskov ntog. Tab sis defenders ntawm lub nroog yuav tau zoo siab rau ntawm nws tus kheej twb tau ncaim mus lawm Ivan Grozny. Kws muaj txuj ci ntawm Pskov, qhov twg tus yeeb ncuab lub sij hawm no yog npaum li cas muaj zog tshaj lub Tug, thiab cov Livonian knights, khaws cia txhua yam raws li nruj nreem ua no xav tawm, tawm tsam twb feem ntau zoo. Swedish troops yuav Snetogorsky monastery thiab tsawm muaj. Cia cov hnub qub cov pej xeem hauv Pskov ua ib tug sortie thiab inflicted tseem ceeb kev puas tsuaj, txawm General Horn tsis tau ciaj sia. Tus huab tais yog ntshai ntawm xws li ib tug tsis ua hauj lwm, thiab txiav txim siab hais tias nws pab tub rog loj loj txaus. Nws averted nws rog mus rau lub shores ntawm lub Great dej, thiab thov reinforcements.

Ob peb lub hlis tom qab tuaj rau hauv lub mercenary tub rog, thiab Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk rov qab mus rau lub monastery. Lub nroog tau kiag li ib puag ncig, txhua tus txoj kev yog sim - tag blockade. Tuav tus yeeb ncuab txiav txim siab los ntawm sab qaum teb - los ntawm lub qhov rooj mus Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy pej thuam. Ua tiv thaiv, muab cov phom thiab maj rhuav tseg cov phab ntsa. Pskov tsis kam ua. Phab ntsa qhov hluav taws xob tam sim ntawd repaired, thiab tawm tsam tshwm sim yuav luag txhua txhua hnub, feem ntau yog nrog hnyav losses rau tus yeeb ncuab.
Gustavus Adolphus yog nkees ntawm xws kuj thiab txuas ntxiv thaj yeeb haum xeeb nrog Russia. Nws xav paaj kev sib haum xeeb cov nqe lus, tab sis, ces tag Pskov nyob rau hauv nws lub yeej tag nrho cov gunpowder. Kuv yuav tsum tau thim rov qab los ntawm Pskov thiab rov qab mus rau Lavxias teb sab lub zos ntawm Guj kuj - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov thiab ntau lwm lub teb chaws nyob los ntawm cov invaders. Tus thawj tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov - los ntawm lub Stefan Batory troops - yog npaum li cas cev ntas, tab sis cov townspeople kawm tau ntau yam.

Cov ua rau lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog

Lub Livonian Order twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub lig thiab kaum ob xyoo pua thiab seized yuav luag tag nrho ib ncig ntawm cov niaj hnub Baltic - Courland, Livonia thiab Estonia. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm lub thib kaum rau xyoo pua, nws lub hwj chim yog yuav luag qhuav li. Ua ntej, undermined lub hwj chim ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Internal strife generated los ntawm nce krepnuvshim Reformation zog: puav pheej masters yuav nrhiav tsis tau ib tug kev pom nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug nrog lub Archbishop ntawm Riga, lub nroog tsis paub ib yam ntawm lawv, kev npau nce aggravated. Weakening Livonia siv tag nrho nws cov neeg nyob ze, txawm Russia. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias ua ntej lub advent ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv cov pawg neeg thaj av Lavxias teb sab princes nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tswj ntawm Baltic territories, yog li tam sim no Moscow Tsar xam tau tias yog lawv txoj cai rau Livonia tseeb.

Lub trading tus nqi ntawm ntug hiav av yuav tsis tau overestimated, thiab cov Livonian Order txwv kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Western teb chaws Europe, tsis dhau los ntawm nws cheeb tsam tub txawj tub ntse thiab ua lag luam. Ntxiv dag zog rau ntawm Russia, raws li zoo li tam sim no, tsis xav muaj ib tug lub teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, European masters thiab khoom los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe Livonian Order nyob rau hauv Russia tsis nco. Rau qhov no, thiab mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab Livonians kho kom haum. Saib weakening recalcitrant cov neeg nyob ze, Moscow Tsar pib ntshai hais tias qhov chaw Livonians yuav zoo tshwm sim ntau hostile cov neeg nyob ze. Ivan III ua opposite lub nroog ntawm Narva koj Ivangorod. Thiab tseem muaj ntau tsim neeg pab leg ntaubntawv kom nkag tau mus rau lub hiav txwv Baltic Ivan 4. Tus tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov, tus yeeb ncuab yog tawm los ua pov thawj nws tsis ncaj ncees lawm Lavxias teb sab tsar, nws pom yuav ua li cas cov neeg pab leg ntaubntawv tau raws sij hawm.

Thaum pib ntawm lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog

Tus huab tais paub ntawm txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub ntsws, tab sis cov Livonian ua tsov ua rog dragged nyob, tsis zoo li yav dhau los ib tug, nrog rau cov Swedes, thaum lub sij hawm yog heev ceev ceev thiab zoo. Lub sij hawm no Ivan Grozny nco qab txog Livonians qub daim ntawv cog lus uas yuav tsum tau kom lawv them tribute mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab xeev, uas tsis paub ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm. Livonians kev sib khom lus, raws li ntev raws li lawv yuav, ncua, tab sis tus huab tais sai sai poob siab ntev thiab tsoo tawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm zoo-neighborliness, nyob rau hauv 1558 pib nees nkaum-tsib xyoo lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog, chiv kev vam meej. Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog marched yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm Livonia, tsuas yog lub muaj zog castles thiab muaj zog lub zos. Ib leeg Livonia muab dlej kuj yog tsis - Moscow twb yog txaus haib.

Lub xeev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim poob sib nrug, surrendering piecemeal haib tshaj cov neeg nyob ze. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, cov kob ntawm Saaremaa - Danish gertsogts Magnus, Kurland yog tsis ib lub tsev teev ntuj holdings niaj secularization. Master Kettler los ua tus Duke thiab pleaded Polish vassal. Nws yog tsuas ntuj hais tias tus tshiab cov tswv muaj demanded los ntawm Ivana Groznogo uas tsis yog-nyob ib cheeb tsam. Txawm ntau kom meej meej, hais tias cov huab tais ntawm dab tsi tsis yog tsis kam. Nws yog ces nyob rau Livonian ua tsov ua rog muaj tshiab koom. Cuaj kaum, Moscow tau yeej. Tus huab tais tus tub rog ravaged Lithuania mus rau lub Vilnius. Lithuanians kam rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev thaj yeeb thiab muab Polotsk. Tab sis Zemsky Sobor nyob rau hauv Moscow ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsis pom zoo. Tsov rog mus nyob rau lwm kaum xyoo. Raws li ntev raws li lub Polish-Lithuanian zwm txwv tsis tau nyob ib qho ntawm feem feemxyuam commanders.

Stefan Batory

Zog ntawm Guj kuj cia li tau heev tsis muaj zog txaus los ntawm xyoo ua tsov ua rog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub ravaged lub teb chaws thiab oprichnina. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm lub Crimean Tatars khib, xav tau tag nrho cov Volga, Astrakhan thiab Kazan Khanate. Nyob rau hauv 1571, Khan Devlet Giray npaj txhij txog mnogovoyskovoe ntxeem tau tau txheej txheem, nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub burning ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm Moscow, tsuas yog lub Kremlin. Nyob rau hauv lub nram qab no xyoo kom rov hais dua txoj kev vam meej nws tsis tau tshwm sim - Lavxias teb sab sawvdaws nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Mihaila Vorotynskogo yeej lub Tatars ntawm cov hluas. Qhov no yog lub sij hawm mus ua decisively pib thiab Stefan Batory - State Center ntawm lub teb chaws yog heev impoverished thiab cov kev pab, thiab cov neeg. Loj rati rau Livonian fronts yog tsis yooj yim sua kom sau. Onslaught kom rebuff tau ntsib. Nyob rau hauv 1578 Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog yeej nyob hauv Verdun.

Nyob rau hauv lub Livonian ua tsov ua rog tig taw tes. Ib xyoo tom qab, Stefan Batory cawm nej dim Polotsk, thiab ces tus Great Lukas nrog Velizh. Ivan Grozny sim nias rau ntawm Batory diplomatically, xa embassies mus rau lub Austrian huab tais thiab lub Pope. Tab sis lub Polish huab tais yog tsis xav nyob rau hauv proposals ntawm Lavxias teb sab Tsar, thiab nyob rau hauv 1581-m, nws besieged Pskov. Nws yog tsis yooj yim, tab sis tiv thaiv tus tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov. Stefan Batory sim kom tsis txhob txawm qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm tus huab tais los ntawm cov zaub mov, tab sis tsis lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis Moscow yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus zaum rau ntawm lub zwm txwv ntawm tej thawj los yog tus tub vaj ntxwv. Nws raug xaiv mus qhia tag nrho nws cov hwj chim Transylvanian tswv xeev. Thiab tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub ntawv sib yeem lus tsov rog resumed. Txawm li cas los, nws pib mus rau Lavxias teb sab huab tais, thiab tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov thaum lub sij hawm Livonian ua tsov ua rog, rau sab hnub poob pom yuav ua li cas pheej thiab ingenious yuav ua tau lub ntsej muag ntawm Lavxias teb sab invaders.

Qhov teeb meem no thaum pib ntawm tsov rog

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj kev tsov kev rog thiab Sweden, qhov twg lub Lavxias teb sab yuav tsis tswj kom coj dua lub nroog ntawm Revel, thiab nkag tau mus rau lub hiav txwv Baltic. Livonia yog endearing ntawm cov kev kovyeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab sovereign thiab tsis kav ntev heev. Nws vainly down koom Stefan Batory, tsis txhob hu rau kuv cov kwv tij nyob rau hauv lub sib khom lus, thiab cov neeg nyob ze - vim hais tias ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb tsis yog tus huab tais. Livonia Ivan Grozny yeej ib txwm yog ib tug fiefdom. Thiab cov neeg raug xaiv los ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm cov neeg tau hardened nyob rau hauv battles, campaigns pov thawj German thiab Hungarian infantry riam phom uas nws spared tsis muaj nqi, nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov phom - loj thiab zoo.

Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog tus expectation ntawm ib tug yeej tshaj qhov tsis zoo armed puas ntsoog kab ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog. Thawj Coj Stefan Batory yog ib tug skilful. Tab sis tsis muaj neeg ruam, thiab Ivan Grozny. Kws muaj txuj ci Pskov tsom - yuav ua li cas. Polotsk kuj tiv thaiv ntau tshaj peb lub lis piam, tab sis ho tsis dim, txawm hais tias tus tiv thaiv tau kawm los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg, cov laus cov hluas - muab tso tawm cov hluav taws kub, pab tub rog. Tua neeg pov tseg nyob rau hauv Polotsk tom qab noj lub Stefan Batory yog monstrous, raws li tom qab, thaum lub Polish huab tais coj lub zos tom qab lub zos - Usvyat, Velizh, Great Lukas.

uas yuav tsum tau Batory

Ivan Grozny twb yuam kom sib, qhov uas nws muaj Poland Livonia - tsuas yog cov plaub lub zos. Txawm li cas los, Stefan Batory demanded tsis tau tsuas yog rau tag nrho cov ntawm Livonia, tab sis Sebezh. Dhau li ntawd, ib tug ntau ntawm cov nyiaj - plaub txhiab kub los npog lawv cov nqi ua tsov ua rog.

Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv, nws dared rau offend tus Lavxias teb sab huab tais, hu nws Moscow vaj ntxwv thiab hma. Sim rau reconcile no tsis ua muaj kev vam meej. Nyob rau hauv 1581, Polish troops coj cov kob thiab besieged Pskov. Thiab tag nrho cov no successes thiab tag nrho cov kev txaus siab ntawm gentry thiab tshaj, vim hais tias nws pib tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov. Livonian ua tsov ua rog mus txog ib tug tshiab.

Pskov fortress

Lub nroog muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug fortress haum ruaj khov: tsis ntev los no resumed phab ntsa muaj zog, lawv muab tso rau heev heev phom, tsim ib tug haib pab tub rog nrog tej governors. Kws muaj txuj ci ntawm Pskov taws los ntawm Ivan Shumsky - nto moo rau nws prowess tub huabtais. Nco cov txheej xwm, cov no yog tau piav nyob rau hauv lub ncauj lus kom ntxaws lus dab neeg - "Lub taleas ntawm lub Siege ntawm Pskov". defenders ntawm lub nroog tau ua mus ntxiv dag zog rau sab hauv thiab sab nraud fortified phab ntsa, thaum lub sij hawm Tug khawb trenches thiab muab tso rau nws rab phom rau tus perimeter.

Kaj ntug pib lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 7 nag xob nag cua hluav taws ntawm nees nkaum phom. Batory yeej yuav tsum lub so nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa kom nres. Xwb, lub phab ntsa twb sai sai khob qhov rooj cia nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev hauv lub nroog tau qhib. Magistrates zaum thaum noj hmo, twb pom raws li muaj noj hmo nyob rau hauv Pskov. Tab sis tus tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov Batory nres. Mus tua lub siege tswb khiav tag nrho cov nyob ntawm lub nroog, tsis tsuas cov tub rog. Txhua tus neeg uas yuav dais caj npab, txawm ceev nrooj moog mus ua txhaum nyob rau feem ntau txaus ntshai qhov chaw. Los ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub advancing Tug tau watered hnyav hluav taws, tab sis cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv yeej tsav tsheb lawv rau pem hauv ntej yog cia tshaj lub cev tuag. Nyob rau hauv lub nroog lawv tseem rhuav.

Lavxias teb sab txuj ci tseem ceeb

Pskov twb ob yees crowned Polish muaj koob muaj npe banner, thiab Lavxias teb sab tau succumbed nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab hordes. Tub huabtais Shuisky, bathed nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshav thiab ib tug neeg txawv, tawm ib tug tuag nees thiab nws tus yam ntxwv khaws cia retreating Lavxias teb sab ibyam. Nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm nyuaj ntawm lub Pskov txiv plig nyob rau hauv lub tuab ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau cov duab ntawm Our pojniam thiab cov relics ntawm lub neeg dawb huv, rau hauv av brightened rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Vsevolod-Gabriel. Fighters noticeably perked thiab rushed mus rau hauv qhov kev sib ntaus nrog tshiaj vigor. Svinuzskaya ntauwd, uas muaj cov yeeb ncuab, mam li nco dheev tuaj rau hauv cov huab cua - Lavxias teb sab generals tag nws. Nyob rau hauv lub ditch nrog ntau khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm corpses ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, uas yog cov nyob rau hauv tus pej thuam. yeeb ncuab pab tub rog twb xav tsis thoob li, ua tus sau nrog ntshai heev thiab dumbfounded. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lub Lavxias teb sab tsis ntshai thiab ntaus ua ke. Polish rog tau crushed thiab tua yeej cia rau cov mus dhia.

Pskov cov neeg nyob rau koom Attendance nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua - tshem tawm cov raug mob, coj dej yuav tawm mus rau lawv cov phab ntsa ces muab pov tseg los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab phom uas raug sau los raug kaw. Lub heroic tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov kov muab thawj nplooj ntawv ntawm nws keeb kwm. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv txhua txhua txoj kev sim los mus kov yeej Pskov Batory: ib qhov, firing liab-kub cores moos, teev hluav taws kub mus rau hauv lub nroog, monitory ntawv Lavxias teb sab magistrates cog lus pab nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lub imminent thiab txaus ntshai txoj kev tuag nyob rau tib lub siab tawv. Los ntawm txoj kev, kuv yuav tsum tau xa tsab ntawv nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm xib xub, vim hais tias cov neeg ntawm Pskov twb tsis mus sib. Cov lus teb, lawv xa mus nyob rau tib txoj kev. Muaj lub Lavxias teb sab lus nws tau sau tsis muab Pskov, tsis txhob hloov, peb yuav sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab tiv thaiv undermining nyob rau hauv Pskov tau invented nws mines. Cov neeg uas twv mus ua txhaum lub phab ntsa, nkaum qab lub laug cam, tau txais ib kub npau npau.

ntiaj teb no

Ivan Grozny ntiaj teb no yog tseem ua, thiab nws yog ib tug ntau ntawm yog vim li cas. Batory tau cia siab rau ib qho yooj yim yeej, tab sis Pskov tseem tsis khaws. Plaub thiab ib tug ib nrab txhiab tub rog Pskov tiv thaiv tsib caug txhiab cov neeg tseem ceeb pab tub rog ntawm lub Polish sawv qhov siege thiab yeej peb caug lub lis piam cia exhausting tus yeeb ncuab regiments. Kws muaj txuj ci ua hauj lwm rau plugging qhov nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa, khawb kwj twb ruaj khov pej xeem thiab nqa tawm.

Posada nyob ze lub nroog tau yav tas los hlawv cov neeg ntawm Pskov thiab tag nrho cov pej xeem nyob posadov coj qhov chaw nkaum nyob hauv lub nroog. Tus yeeb ncuab pab tub rog sab laug yam tsis sib txuas lus, vim hais tias cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub nroog ua heev raids, peasants looted Polish convoys, zuj scouts rau yos thiab xaiv cov zaub mov xa mus rau Pskov. Batory tsis paub hais tias nws tau poob. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1581 nws tau mus tseem sib nrog lub Lavxias teb sab tsar thiab ua ib tug sib yeem lus.