Case xaus ntawm npe. Unstressed cov ntaub ntawv txoj

Tej ntaub ntawv txoj yog cov npe? Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog muab los ntawm tsab xov xwm. Peb kuj qhia koj txog qhov txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txoj ntawm npe txawv declination, thiab muab ib co piv txwv.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Paub yuav ua li cas pauv tau cov lus rau tus neeg mob, nws tseem ceeb heev. Tom qab sau cov ntaub ntawv txoj theem ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem thaum lub sij hawm lub creation ntawm literate cov ntawv nyeem. Nws yuav tsum muab sau tseg tias cov kev xaiv ntawm ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub noun nyob nkaus rau dab tsi raws nraim lawv yog declination. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib qho yuam kev nyob rau hauv sau ntawv txoj -e s los yog tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv ib co ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv: dative, genitive thiab prepositional. Uas yog vim li cas lawv yuav tau pom zoo yuav tsum nco ntsoov.

Yuav ua li cas yog declination? hom declination

Nominal qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus yog inclined nyob rau hauv raws li cov hom ntawm chaw thiab substantive thiab hais lo lus. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb xav xwb tej poob. Nws yog muab faib ua peb subtypes. Cia peb xav txog lawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam:

1. Lub 1 declination hloov npe (zoo tshaj) ntawm tag nrho cov (crybaby), txiv neej (txiv neej) thiab poj niam (niam) tsev neeg, uas yog qhov kawg ntawm lub th los yog piv nyob rau hauv lub nominative cov ntaub ntawv.
2. Lub 2nd declination hloov npe (zoo tshaj) yog txiv neej, nrog ib tug pes tsawg xaus (ntsia thawv tsev) los yog qhov xaus -e, -o (domische, me ntsis lub tsev) thiab neuter xaus nrog -e, -e thiab - o (lub teb, ib tug hmuv, ib lub qhov rais) nyob rau hauv lub nominative cov ntaub ntawv.
3. Lub 3 declination hloov npe (zoo tshaj) yog hais txog poj niam, kawg nyob rau hauv ib tug hissing los yog ib tug mos mos tsiaj ntawv (eg, kev txaus siab, kev xav, ceg ntseeg). Yog hais tias ib lo lus yog qhov kawg ntawm hissing tsiaj ntawv, ces nws belongs rau lub koob thib 3 declination yuav tsum tau cim mos kos npe rau (xws li ib tug nas, rye, qhov cub, thiab lwm yam).

Case txoj zoo tshaj npe

Yuav kom competently sau ntawv, piv txwv li, ib tsab ntawv, nws yog ntshaw kom paub tag nrho cov tau xaus ntawm npe txawv declinations. Ua li no poob rau tus neeg mob txog lus.

Npe ntawm lub 1 declension

1. Nominative (leej twg?) - dads (a) nyob rau hauv (a) Number (s), Yul (I).
2. Genitive cov ntaub ntawv (uas yog ib tug?) - dads (s) nyob rau hauv (s) Number (s) Yul (s).
3. Dative (uas leej twg?) - dads (e) nyob rau hauv (e) Number (f), Yul (e).
4. Accusative cov ntaub ntawv (uas yog ib tug?) - dads (y) nyob rau hauv (y) Number (w), Yul (w).
5. Instrumental (tshaj leej twg?) - dads (huag), willow (th) Number (s) Yul (s).
6. Prepositional (dab tsi txog leej twg?) - ntawm popes (e), ib tug nyob rau hauv (e) Number ntawm (e), nyob rau hauv Yule (e).

Case xaus ntawm npe ntawm lub 1 declension yog tib yam rau tag nrho cov lus zoo li. Uas yog vim li cas, yog tias koj muaj teeb meem thaum lub sij hawm lawv cov kev sau ntawv, koj yuav xyuam xim saib cov lus no thiab txiav txim seb qhov tseeb xaus.

Npe ntawm 2nd declension

1. Nominative (leej twg?) - mos lwj (_), dib liab (_), yog pojniam los txivneej (e), palates (a).
2. Genitive cov ntaub ntawv (uas yog ib tug?) - Mos lwj (I), dib liab (a), hauv pem teb (s), palates (a).
3. Dative (uas leej twg?) - Mos lwj (w), dib liab (y), hauv pem teb (w), palates (y).
4. Accusative cov ntaub ntawv (uas yog ib tug?) - Mos lwj (I), dib liab (_), yog pojniam los txivneej (e), palates (a).
5. Instrumental (tshaj leej twg?) - Mos lwj (nws), dib liab (OI), hauv pem teb (nws), palates (th).
6. Prepositional (uas hais txog dab tsi?) - lub stag (e) ntawm lub dib liab (e), hauv pem teb (e) ntawm palates (e).

Npe thib peb declension

1. Nominative (leej twg?) - trot (_), ib tug nas (_).
2. Genitive cov ntaub ntawv (uas yog ib tug?) - Rys (s), nas (thiab).
3. Dative (uas leej twg?) - Rys (s), nas (thiab).
4. Accusative cov ntaub ntawv (uas yog ib tug?) - trot (_), ib tug nas (_).
5. Instrumental (tshaj leej twg?) - trot (w), nas (w).
6. Prepositional (dab tsi txog leej twg?) - hais txog Rys (s) ntawm tus nas (thiab).

Unstressed cov ntaub ntawv xaus ntawm npe

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus ua yuam kev thaum uas sau ntawv, cov xib fwb txhawb kom cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum nco ntsoov rau qhov kawg ntawm lub peb declinations. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis yog raws li ib qho yooj yim li no mas thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yooj yim yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov lus uas yog unstressed cov ntaub ntawv txoj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib txoj cai. Xa nws tam sim no.

Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv xaus ntawm npe yog nyob rau hauv unstressed txoj hauj lwm, lawv yog spelling yog txiav txim los ntawm tshuaj ntsuam cov lus uas tus tib hom declension uas xaus nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li cov tsab ntawv sawv kom haum. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv:

• hauv caug, teb, pas dej (ib tug neeg, ib lub qhov rais, ib tug txaug);
• txog cov phau ntawv (nyob ntawm tes);
• nees, bowls (stumps, tables);
• ceev xwm, lub tsev teb lo (riam, ib lub rooj ntug, ib lub qhov rais);
• lub pas dej, rooj zaum, lub pob zeb (qhov rais, tables, hauv paus);
• nyob rau lookout, hais txog ib tug xib fwb nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev hnav ris tsho (ib rab riam, nyob rau nees, nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais ntawm cov khaub ncaws);
• zaj nkauj, cov tub qhe, qhov rai (cov xib fwb, lub zos, seas).

npe ntau tshaj ib tus

Hais txog dab tsi zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txoj yog zoo tshaj nouns, peb ntsia saum toj no. Tab sis tej zaum nws yuav siv sij hawm rau txoj kev tsis kam thiab cov lus tshwm nyob rau hauv lub plural. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lawv cov ntaub ntawv txoj tsis nyob ntawm seb zoo li cas ntawm poob muaj lub daim ntawv pib ntawm lub noun. Txawm li cas los, lawv tej zaum yuav txawv ho los ntawm lub tswg thiab animate khoom (tsis yeej ib txwm).

Tswg nouns, sawv nyob rau hauv lub plural

1. Nominative (dab tsi?) - lub rooj zaum (s), dib liab (s).
2. Genitive (dab tsi?) - lub rooj zaum (s), dib liab (s).
3. Dative (dab tsi?) - lub rooj zaum (s), dib liab (s).
4. Accusative cov ntaub ntawv (dab tsi?) - lub rooj zaum (s), dib liab (s).
5. Instrumental (dab tsi?) - lub rooj zaum (s), dib liab (s).
6. Prepositional (dab tsi?) - nyob rau lub rooj zaum (s), dib liab (s).

Animate nouns, sawv nyob rau hauv lub plural

1. Nominative (leej twg?) - Lan (s), lionesses (s).
2. Genitive (ntawm leej twg?) - Lan (s), lionesses (_).
3. Dative (leej twg?) - Lan (s), lionesses (s).
4. Accusative (leej twg?) - Lan (s), lionesses (_).
5. Instrumental (los ntawm leej twg?) - Lan (s), lionesses (s).
6. Prepositional (rau leej twg?) - nyob lan (s), lionesses (s).

Heteroclite (npe)

Raws li hais saum toj no, npe muaj ib co zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txoj nyob rau hauv uas ntawm peb declinations lawv txheeb. Txawm li cas los, lub Lavxias teb sab tsis tshua muaj tshwm thiab heteroclite. Cov no muaj xws npe hais tias tom qab cov kev hloov muaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob xaus txawv declinations.

Yog li ntawd, rau heteroclite lub npe kaum lus neuter tus hais txog ntawd nyob rau hauv -mya. Peb hu lawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim:

• tsim txom;
• banner;
• pawg neeg;
• lub sij hawm;
• txoj hlua eeb nees;
• lub mis nyuj;
• yas;
• nplaim taws;
• lub npe;
• noob.

Ntawm lwm yam, nws yog hais txog mus rau lub heteroclite masculine "txoj kev". Yuav kom zoo zoo ntxias xws npe yuav tsum paub hais tias ib tug kev hloov lawv muaj ib tug tom qab -on -en- los yog (piv txwv li: lub banner - ib tug banner, yas - lub crown, lub npe - npe thiab thiaj li nyob.).

hais

Npe uas xaus nyob rau hauv -iya (series, cov tub rog, Maria, kab, thiab hais txog.) Yog ib tug tshwj xeeb version ntawm lub declination. Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm prepositional, genitive thiab dative, lawv tau qhov xaus -u. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv:

• Genitive cov ntaub ntawv (uas yog ib tug?) - series (thiab), cov tub rog (thiab), Marie (s) kab (s).
• Dative (uas leej twg?) - series (thiab), cov tub rog (thiab), Marie (s) kab (s).
• Prepositional (dab tsi txog leej twg?) - hais txog cov series (thiab), cov tub rog (thiab), ntawm Mary (thiab) nyob rau hauv kab (s).

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv lo lus tsis pom zoo kom yuav tsis meej pem nrog npe xaus nyob rau hauv -ya (e.g., Natalie, Maria, Sophia). Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog xav los ntawm ntau cov kev cai thiab yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab prepositional dative xaus -e (Natalia, Maria, Sophia).

Los ntawm txoj kev, lub npe ntawm lawv tus kheej, uas yog hu ua qhov kev koom (Kashin, Borodino Kalinin), muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub instrumental cov ntaub ntawv (nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj). Yog li, cov lus no yog xav patterned npe 2nd declination thiab muaj ib cov ntaub ntawv xaus th (Kalinin, Kashino, Borodino). Peb tsis tau hais tias cov lus no yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav tsis meej pem nrog lub Lavxias teb sab npe (Kashin, Borodin, Kalinin), uas yog instrumental cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov qhov xaus ntawm th (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin).