Qee lub cev: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi. Excretory kabmob nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj: hauj lwm, tus nqi

Tswj ib qho kev theem ntawm cov metabolism hauv nyob rau hauv lub cev, hu ua homeostasis, los ntawm txoj kev neurohumoral kev cai dab ntawm respiration, plab zom mov, lub plawv rho tawm thiab yug me nyuam. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav muab suav hais tias los ntawm system hloov qee ntawm cov tib neeg thiab cov tsiaj, lawv cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi, raws li zoo raws li tus nqi ntawm cov metabolic tshua nyob hauv muaj sia nyob.

Lub lom tseem ceeb ntawm allocating kabmob

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov metabolism hauv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txhua lub cell ntawm ib tug nyob kab accumulates loj nyiaj ntawm cov tshuaj lom tshuaj, carbon dioxide, ammonia ntsev. Yuav kom tshem tawm cov lawv koj xav tau ib tug system uas eliminates rau tej co toxins rau hauv ib puag ncig. Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub excretory system kawm lub cev thiab tej hlab ntshav.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm raug rho tawm hloov qee tshwm nyob rau hauv invertebrate tsiaj nrog ob sab sib dho symmetry. Cov phab ntsa hauv lawv lub cev yuav muaj li ntawm peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg: lub exo meso thiab endoderm. Cov kab mob no yog tiaj tus thiab puag ncig cua nab, thiab nws excretory system lawv sawv cev protonephridia.

Yuav ua li cas khiav lag luam yog cov excretory kabmob nyob rau hauv flatworms thiab nematodes

Protonephridia sawv cev rau ib tug system ntawm tubular formations extending los ntawm lub ntsiab longitudinal channel. Lawv yog ua los ntawm cov txheej kab txheej - exoderm. Co toxins thiab tshaj ions yog tso tawm kom pom rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev ntawm cua nab los ntawm lub pores.

Lub puab kawg yog muab nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm dab protonephridia - cilia los yog flagella. Undulating lawv zog do lub intercellular kua, uas muaj txhawb mus rau lub pom muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub excretory ducts.

Progressive complexity qee ntawm cov kabmob los ntawm annelids

Annelids, xws li cua nab, Nereis, lobworm muab tshem tawm los ntawm koj lub cev metabolic cov khoom siv metanephridia - excretory kabmob cua nab. Lawv muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlab, ib kawg ntawm uas leykovidno txhab thiab muab cilia, thiab lwm yam mus txog rau tus tsiaj cover thiab qhib - lub sij hawm. Mob hloov qee nyob rau hauv cua nab yog vim lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug thib ob lub cev kab noj hniav - coelom.

Nta ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kev khiav dej num ntawm lub Malpighian tubules

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm arthropods xws li hloov khoom nruab nrog qee yuav siv sij hawm rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm branching tubules, nyob rau hauv uas los ntawm lub hemolymph - intracavitary kua - absorbed yaj metabolism thiab tshaj dej khoom. Lawv hu ua cov Malpighian tubules thiab yog raug cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm arachnids thiab kab. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub excretory ducts, muaj lwm lub cev - lub roj lub cev, uas ntxiv metabolic khoom. Malpighian hlab ntsha, uas nkag mus rau hauv tej yam tshuaj lom ntws mus rau hauv lub rear seem ntawm cov hnyuv. Los yeej muaj metabolites yog tas los ntawm lub qhov quav.

qee lub cev nyob rau hauv crustaceans - Crayfish, cw, cw, - sawv cev los ntawm ntsuab qog uas yog hloov metanephridia. Lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm lub cephalothorax tsiaj, rear hauv paus ntawm lub antennae. Nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab qog nyob rau hauv crustaceans zais zis, excretory qhib lub sij hawm.

Hloov khoom nruab nrog qee ntawm cov ntses

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm bony ntses yog ib tug ntxiv mob lub excretory system. Nws muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug maub liab ribbon-zoo li tus lub cev - lub cev raum nyob saum toj no rau saum huab cua zais zis. Los ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yoojyim lub ureter los ntawm kev uas cov zis ntws tawm mus rau hauv lub zais zis, thiab yog twb tawm ntawm nws - nyob rau hauv lub urogenital qhib. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays), lub ureters nchuav tag mus rau hauv lub cloaca thiab lub zais zis yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv.

Raws li cov qauv ntawm cov excretory system, tag nrho cov bony ntses raug muab faib ua peb pawg: nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab, dej qab ntsev, thiab ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm thiaj li hu ua-kev taug los ntawm nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si ntsev thiab dej tshiab nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm spawning.

Tej me nyuam dej ntses (ntses bass thaj tsam, bream, carp, bream) kom tsis txhob ntev loov ntxiv mus rau lawv lub cev ntawm cov dej peb yuav tau tshem tawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov kua los ntawm lub Malpighian tubules thiab raum glomeruli. Yog li, carp cia rau 120 ml dej ib 1 kg ntawm nws qhov hnyav, thiab catfish - txog li 380-400 ml. Yuav kom lub cev tsis muaj ib tug tsis muaj ntsev, dej tsis qab ntsev ntses gills ua raws li twj, dej yog pumped los ntawm cov sodium ions thiab chlorine. Tubrog nkoj lub neej - Blue, flounder, mackerel, - nyob rau tsis tooj, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj dej nyob rau hauv lub cev. Yuav kom tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej thiab kom muaj lub cev osmotic siab nyob rau hauv lub cev, lawv yog yuam kom haus dej haus hiav txwv dej, uas yog raug lim nyob rau hauv lub raum, lim los ntawm ntsev. Tshaj sodium tshuaj dawb yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub gills thiab quav.

Koj khiav ntses, xws li cov nyob sab Europe eel, yog ib tug "hloov" hom kev kawm osmoregulation nqa tawm los ntawm ob lub raum thiab gills, nyob ntawm seb qhov twg nyob rau hauv cov dej lawv yog nyob rau hauv.

Lub excretory system nyob rau hauv amphibians

Raws li txias-inhabitants ntawm lub hauv av-dej ib puag ncig, amphibian li ntses tshem tawm teeb meem metabolic khoom thoob plaws lub liab qab daim tawv nqaij thiab mesonephros. Nyob rau hauv qav, newts, Ceylon rybozmeya qee lub cev yog sawv cev los ntawm paired ob lub raum, nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm cov nqaj qaum, nrog rau cov pa tso tawm ureters yog ntws mus rau hauv lub cloaca. Ib feem ntawm cov gaseous khoom ntawm metabolism raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm lawv los ntawm lub teeb theem uas ua excretory muaj nuj nqi, nrog rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

Hu ua pelvic ob lub raum - lub ntsiab kabmob ntawm cov noog thiab cov tsiaj qee

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution mesonephros mutate rau hauv ib tug ntau hnyav daim ntawv ntawm cov excretory kabmob - raum plab mog. Lawv nyob sib sib zog nqus tsis pub dhau lub pelvic kab noj hniav, suab tom ntej no mus rau lub cloaca nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj reptiles thiab noog, thiab nyob ze lub gonads (noob qes thiab zes qe menyuam) - cov tsiaj. Nyhav thiab ntim ntawm ob lub raum muaj poob, tab sis lub filtering muaj peev xwm ua ntawm lub raum, nephron hlwb yog heev ntau zog, thiab qhov no ua rau lub fact tias cov nyiaj hauv nruab nrog cev los ntawm cov tsiaj teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov noog thiab cov tsiaj, ntau nraaj purify cov ntshav ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov noog, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau tag nrho lwm cov terrestrial vertebrates, tsis muaj zais zis, yog li zis tsis noog nyob rau hauv lawv, thiab ntawm lub ureter nkag mus rau tam sim ntawd mus rau hauv lub cloaca, ces tawm. Qhov no yog ib tug ntaus ntawv uas thiaj li muaj qhov lub cev hnyav ntawm cov noog, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb, muab lawv lub peev xwm ya.

Pom thiab adsorption zog ntawm tus tib neeg ob lub raum

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, excretory kabmob - ob lub raum - nce mus txog nws siab tshaj plaws txoj kev loj hlob thiab specialization. Nws muaj peev xwm yuav ntshai raws li ib tug heev compact (hnyav ob leeg laus raum tsis pub tshaj 300 g) ib lom lim, uas hau lub hlwb los ntawm nws cov - nephrons 1,500 litres ntawm cov ntshav ib hnub twg. Nyob rau hauv physiology thiab cov tshuaj, lub lag luam ntawm lub cev muab kev tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv Suav system ntawm kev noj qab nyob U-hlaub ob lub raum yog lub ntsiab lub neej phem tshaj lub caij.

Raum parenchyma muaj txog 2 lab nephrons, muaj raws ntawm ib tug capsule ntawm Bowman-Shymlanskaya nyob rau hauv uas tus txheej txheem ntawm filtering cov ntshav thiab lub tsim ntawm thawj zis, thiab convoluted tubules (voj ntawm Henle), muab reabsorption - xim extraction ntawm zib, cov vitamins thiab tsawg molecular yuag proteins uas los ntawm cov thawj zis, thiab rov qab rau lawv kom cov hlab ntsha. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, reabsorption tsim theem nrab zis. Nws muaj ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm cov dej, ntsev, urea. Nws tshev mus rau hauv lub raum lub plab mog, thiab los ntawm lawv - nyob rau hauv lub ureters thiab mus rau hauv lub zais zis. Qhov no yog ib ncig ntawm 2 l / hnub. Los ntawm no nws yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub qhov zis tawm sab nraud.

Yog li tsis tau tso cai cia hnab khib kua nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav viscera thiab lub cev qaug cawv yog tiv thaiv tau.

Yog xav paub ntxiv excretory kabmob ntawm metabolic khoom

Tsis tas li ntawd lub raum ua lub ntsiab luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv osmoregulation thiab tshem tawm cov tshaj ntsev thiab toxins, cov excretory muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev ua hauj lwm hauv lub ntsws, daim tawv nqaij, tawm hws qog thiab lub digestive. Yog li, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nkev pauv, siv alveoli uas lub teeb theem no tshwm sim tshem tawm ntawm carbon dioxide, chav, tej yam tshuaj lom, xws li decomposition khoom ntawm ethanol. Los ntawm feem ntawm hws qog tshem tawm urea, tshaj ntsev thiab dej. Siab, dhau li ntawm tus ua lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub digestive txheej txheem, inactivates cov tshuaj lom neej puas khoom ntawm cov nqaijrog, tshuaj, dej cawv, ntsev ntawm cadmium thiab lead muaj nyob rau hauv lub venous ntshav.

Lub lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob (lub raum, mob ntsws, daim tawv nqaij, digestive thiab hws qog), uas yog xam qhovkev excretory muaj nuj nqi muaj tej chav kawm ntawm metabolic tshua thiab homeostasis.