Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug sailing nkoj? Sail-txoj kev npaj. Mnogopalubnoe loj sailing nkoj

Tsis sim ua ntej muaj noob neej sawv saum toj no lub theem ntawm cov pob zeb qws thiab pib mus tshawb lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb, nws yog to taub tam sim ntawd yog dab tsi zeem muag cog lus ib lub hiav txwv kev lus. Yog, txawm tus dej, cov dej ntawm uas yuav ua tau sai sai thiab kuj xyuam xim txav, ua si ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub kev vam meej.

Tus nqi rau tus neeg sailing

Peb tsis paub thiab tej zaum yuav yuav tsis tau paub, nyob qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas puas tau tus thawj sailing txog ntsha. Tab sis tsuas yog ib qho tshaj plaws yog tej yam - tus txiv neej uas invented nws, nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm kev vam meej piv rau lub inventor ntawm lub log. Cov yav tas, los ntawm txoj kev, dhau lawm, peb tsis paub, tab sis lub cim xeeb ntawm nws yog nyob mus ib txhis. Sailing nkoj, los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog hu ua lub nkoj, uas tau tsav los ntawm tus quab yuam ntawm cov cua.

Nws Sailboats ua rau nws tau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej. Tus thawj ntawm lub ancient mariners uas txig mastered rau lub kos duab ntawm "txais cua" pib Greeks thiab tejzaum nws lub Sumerians. Tom qab, lub xibtes coj lub Phoenicians thiab cov Vikings, uas, raws li tam sim no kev tshawb fawb, tuaj mus rau lub ntug dej rau lawv Drakkar mus rau lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm North America ntev ua ntej Columbus. Yog li ntawd ib tug sailing txog ntsha - cov hom kev thauj uas tus txiv neej thawj hla lub Atlantic thiab cov Pacific, rau tej ships Magellan rau circumnavigate thawj "ncig saib".

Tus thawj "Sailboats"

Tus thawj ships tau caij nkoj, twb yuav galleys. Nws tag nrho cov pib nrog ib tug yooj yim rowing tej nkoj nquam ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, thiab twb ... nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub xeem ships ntawm no hom tau siv thiab tom qab lub invention ntawm lub chav engine, yog li ntawd lawv tau txais kev pab noob neej rau ib ntev lub sij hawm.

Galleys tau ships tsim los khiav lag luam heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm lub chaw ntug hiav shallows, thiab cov Iyi, thiab tag nrho lawv twb feem ntau pav ca-bottomed. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, koj seaworthiness tsis muaj xws li ships. Sail lawv muaj feem ntau cov txheej thaum ub, ncaj, cia mus nyob rau hauv cov cua thaum lub caij nyoog kawg no tau dua. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi peb tau piav rau hauv qab no yog cov hom ntawm sailing ships lub galleys tsis muab. Tom qab tag nrho, xav txog lawv li full-fledged sailing hlab ntsha tsis yooj yim sua.

Ib suam ntawm sailing ships

Tom qab ntawd shipbuilders mastered rau lub ntiaj teb no ntau thiab ntau technologies, uas lawv tsim ships nrog nce zoo dua seaworthiness. Nws yuav tsum ua rau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm no tsab xov xwm, ib tug yooj yim kev faib ntawm ships mus ntxiv kom tsis txhob tsis meej pem:

• Lub nkoj (frigate). Yog, tsis yog txhua tus caij nkoj nkoj yuav tsum tau hu ua li ntawd. Yog li ntawd twb hu ua tsuas yog cov ships uas muaj peb Masts. Sail - tsuas yog nyiaj tso ncaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub mizzen, Ntxiv, muaj kuj yog "slash" khoom, tso cai rau koj taug kev los mus tacks. Yuav ua li cas yog ntau tshaj ib hom ntawm sailing ships?
• Burke tseem hu ua lub nkoj nrog peb Masts, tab sis tus thawj ob yog cov tsuas square sails, thiab lub thib peb - tsuas yog oblique.
• Brig - yuav luag tib yam li hais tias ntawm lub frigate, cia li caij nkoj brig. Nyob rau mizzen sail kuj muaj ib tug oblique, tab sis tus so ntawm cov lus nug - cia li ncaj.
• Schooner hu ua ib lub tsheb nrog tus xov tooj ntawm ncej ntawm lub ob. Tab sis tsis tsawg tshaj li ob ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau nqa oblique sails.
• Polutoramachtovye lub tsev hais plaub. Lawv mainsail thiab mizzen, raws li nws twb "fused" rau hauv ib cov qauv.
• Ib leeg-masted hlab ntsha. Raws li tej zaum koj yuav twv, lub mast lawv muaj tsuas yog ib tug. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub sails yog cov feem ntau yooj yim, ncaj.

Nws cia li tshwm sim hais tias feem ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tus maritime keeb kwm tau ua ib tug sailing brig. Cov ships twb yooj yim npaum li no kawg thiab schooner nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, thiab nrog ib tug muaj kev vam meej kev kho rigged lawv muaj zoo muaj thiab ceev qualities.

Galleons thiab ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv navigation

Tus thawj sailing nkoj, tsim los rau cov ntev dej hiav txwv hla - qhov no yog qhov galleon. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov thawj nkoj ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv yog tus Karakka Mary Rose 1512 kev tsim kho, uas los ntawm lub British. Txawm li cas los, lub Portuguese yog ntseeg hais tias nws yog lawv muaj lub Honor ntawm tsim galleons, txij li thaum lawv thawj ua lub caravels.

Tiam sis muaj tag nrho cov ships yog tsis yog los ntawm kos, vim hais tias cov tau ntawm kev tsim kho nyob tsuas yog thaum lub shipbuilding kev lag luam muaj absorbed ib tug ntau ntawm kev achievements thiab discoveries ntawm cov xyoo. Piv txwv li, ib tug galleon - qhov no yog thawj mnogopalubnoe sailing txog ntsha. Yuav kom ib tug lossis loj tus qauv ua nkaus ntawm ntoo nrog ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus siv ntawm scarce hlau, tsuas tsis tau tsaus muag, shipbuilders yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug heev high degree ntawm kev tawm kev.

Discoveries nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub nkoj nkoj

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub classical tswvyim rau kev tsim kho ntawm ships, thaum lub tsev yog ua los thawj, thiab ces nws yuav sheathed, twb yees ua los ntawm cov Byzantines nyob ib ncig ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub thawj Millennium AD. Ua ntej ntawd, cov craftsmen ships sau, chiv ua rau nws lub cev, thiab ces nyob rau hauv nws cov tsim "tau siv" ncej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog ib qhov nyuaj mus cuag siab cov neeg, thiab yog li ntawd ships uas muaj seaworthy tau ncaw.

Cov kev txwv ntawm perfection nyob rau hauv cov xyoo - ib tug me me ob-masted sailing nkoj nyob rau hauv uas nws twb tau mus ua nqaim-minded voyage, tab sis tseem nws tshwj xeeb - cabotage.

Tus ceev tshaj txoj kev mus rau lub Byzantine tswvyim txav mus rau sab qab teb ntawm teb chaws Europe, qhov twg xws ships ua txij li thaum lub XIV caug xyoo, lub British pib ua nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1500, thiab nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb teb chaws Europe ships nrog qhov nyuaj clinker hauv ob sab phlu nyob rau hauv ib txhia qhov chaw los ua lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. Xub thawj, lub npe ntawm ships, los ntawm Byzantine hom kev kawm, yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug hauv paus ntawm "Carvel" uas meant qhov kev siv ntawm tus ncej, nrog nws cov tom ntej "tus" planking. Li no - lub caravel, ib tus me sailing nkoj, muaj zoo heev seaworthiness.

Qhov zoo ntawm tus tshiab txoj kev

Shipbuilders tau txais ib tug zoo heev thaum nws thaum kawg tsiv mus rau lub cev los ua ke hlab ntsha. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj - tus ncej los ntawm tus thawj hnub ntawm kev tsim kho tso cai rau kwv yees tus duab ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub nkoj, nws cov nkhaus thiab lub xaav sai li sai tau paub txog tej kev tsim flaws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus tshiab technology tau tso cai ib tug zoo kawg li nce nyob rau hauv loj ntawm ships los ntawm kev siv ntawm check thiab "springy" ncej, uas yog leveled txawm heev hnyav loads.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, daim tawv nqaij yuav pib tsawg npaum li cas ntau cov laug cam, uas dramatically txo tus nqi ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kom txhob ntov ntawm xyoo pua-laus ntoo qhib. Piv txwv li, ib tug me me ob-masted sailing nkoj ua nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txheej txheem yuav ua tau "txiav" los ntawm kuj pheej yig ntoo thuv thiab birch, thiab nws seaworthiness yog tsis qub.

Nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm

Thaum kawg, nws twb tau mus ua hauj lwm muaj nuj nqis tsawg txawj neeg ua hauj lwm: ncaj qha tom qab tus tsim raws li tsuas muaj ob peb tug neeg, thiab carpenters twb koom xwb yuav tsum vov. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub ships thaum ntxov hom, lawv txhua tus nws yuav tsum tau yuav luag ib tug virtuoso ntawm nws khoom siv tes ua. Tsa siv processability kuj tso cai rau ua tau ntau ntau lossis loj hiav txwv ships.

Txhua yam ntawm cov loj mnogopalubnoe sailing txog ntsha nyob rau hauv nws cov kev sib ntaus los hwj chim superior tshaj ib tug teb thaum ntxov clumsy txog ntsha, uas, los ntawm thiab loj, twb zoo tsuas yog rau cov ntug hiav navigation.

Hmoov artillery thiab Sailboats

Twb tau nyob rau lub 14-15 centuries nyob rau hauv lub maritime ua lag ua luam pib los mus kis gunpowder artillery, tab sis nws tau ntev muab tso rau heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub lawj chaw uas tau xub thawj yog rau archers. Qhov no coj mus rau muaj zog "decentralization", ua lub nkoj heev tsis ruaj tsis khov, txawm nyob rau hauv kuj tsis tshua muaj ntxhov siab.

Tsis ntev phom pib yuav tsum tau muab tso rau raws longitudinal axis ntawm lub cuab tam, tab sis tseem nyob rau sab saum toj lawj. Txawm li cas los, kom cov phom tswj hluav taws nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog qhov nyuaj heev vim hais tias rau lub hom phiaj no siv ib puag ncig qhov txiav los ntawm nyob rau hauv lub sab. Nyob rau hauv peacetime, lawv xob ntoo stoppers.

Cov ports rau cov phom twb tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Qhov no innovation muab txoj kev mus rau lub creation ntawm loj thiab zoo-armed lub nkoj tua rog. Xws li ib tug loj sailing txog ntsha mnogopalubnoe txig nyob rau ob qho tib si naval battles, raws li zoo raws li rau expansion nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws rau yav tom ntej ntawm Latin America.

Giants ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog

Tab sis cov thawj mention ntawm lub classic galleon pom nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntaub ntawv yos rov qab mus rau 1535 xyoo. Nws zoo yog sai sai menyuam Mev thiab lus Askiv. Tsis zoo li lwm yam ships ntawm cov xyoo, qhov no yog ho qis nrog cov "muaj tseeb" hull kab, uas saib kuas ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus txaus kuj ntawm cov kev mus. Mast sailing nkoj ntawm no hom nqa ib tug tov sailing rig, uas, nrog vim kev txawj thiab kev pab tus tauj ncov loj cia mus tacking nyob rau hauv cov cua nyob ze rau hauv lub txee.

Lawv xaav txawm los ntawm hnub no lub hnub yog dlej - txog li 2000 tons! Yog li tus nqi ntawm galleons txawm ua txo vim rau qhov siv ntawm cheaper qib ntawm ntoo. Qhov teeb meem coj tshwj tsis yog tias mast sailing nkoj, uas yuav tsum tau tsuas yog tus tshaj plaws coj ntoo thuv.

tsim nta

Masts tau kuj tau los ntawm ntoo thuv ntoo, nyob rau hauv hwj chim ntsiab ntawm lub vaj tse tso cai ntoo qhib. Tsis zoo li Karakka, nyo hau superstructure tsis dai rau pem hauv ntej. Txiav cov zaub mov yog high school thiab nqaim superstructure, uas muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov stability ntawm lub nkoj thaum lub sij hawm tsis tau. Conventionally txawv nplua nuj galleons threaded decorations thiab lwm yam embodiments ntawm lub vaj tse.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws sailing nkoj ntawm no hom muaj xya (!) Decks. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm cov Giants nws tau lug thov daim ntawv thom nug ua hauj lwm (nco ntsoov lub Great Embassy ntawm Peter Holland). Lawv noj lawv khob cij yog tsis nyob rau hauv vain: cov lus teb tau pab los mus tsim ib tug heev loj nkoj, tab sis check, thiab muaj peev xwm los mus tiv cua daj cua dub, thiab caij, ua raws li los ntawm collisions ntawm ships los ntawm.

Cov yam ntxwv sail rigging

Number of Masts rau lub galleons mus txoj los ntawm peb mus rau tsib, pem hauv ntej nqa square sails, thiab cov rear - sideways. Qhov loj tshaj plaws Mev galleons yuav muaj cia li muaj ob mizzen, uas yog muab zoo ceev kev ua tau zoo txawm nrog headwinds thiab qhov yuav tsum tau kom tshem tau cov tack. Yuav ua li cas txom nyem uas txawj carpenters yuav tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov ships, raws li zoo yuav tsum tau muab drilled lawv cov txiv neej, raws li lawv yuav tsum tau tiv nrog ob peb puas kilometers ntawm rigging.

Los ntawm txoj kev, ib tus me ntev ntawm cov thawj galleons ua rau lawv ib yam ntawm cov "tsev neeg" gallery, uas peb tham txog nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm no tsab xov xwm. Yog hais tias lub nkoj tau txais mus rau hauv ib tug meej twj ywm hauv cheeb tsam, nws muaj peev xwm yuav tawm mus rau ib tug rowing kawg. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv lub cua daj cua dub los siv qhov kev xaiv no stroke yog yus tua yus.