Xyoo 1682: lub abolition ntawm localism. Ua, yuav tshwm

Zemsky Sobor rau lub Modernization ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub Moscow lub nceeg vaj twb convened nyob rau hauv Tsar Fedor Alekseevich nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1682. Qhov yuav kaw cov ntawm regionalism tuaj nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, uas yog ib tug loj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm democratization thiab kev txhim kho ntawm tsis tsuas yog Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog, tab sis kuj rau tag nrho cov kev tswj system raws li ib tug tag nrho. Qhov kev ntsuas no yog lub forerunner ntawm tus naas ej Peter lub kho, lub essence ntawm cov uas yog cov tshem tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nom tswv cajceg nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov neeg ua hauj thiab qhov tseem ceeb tus kheej achievements.

lub rulers

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th yog lub abolition ntawm localism. Thaum zoo li cas huab tais no transformation tshwm sim - ib qho ntawm feem nthuav xai nyob rau hauv domestic historians. Cov coj cai tau txais nyob rau Theodore A., uas nws reign twb cim nrog ib tug series ntawm kho tsom ntawm strengthening lub autocratic lub hwj chim. Yog hais tias nws yog ib qho los mus hloov lub system ntawm kev tswj thiab tej kev tswj, tiam sis qhov no ntsuas tsis tau pom tau hais vim nws tuag thaum ntxov.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tswvyim

Ntawm kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm nws tau lub xyoo 1682. Qhov yuav kaw cov ntawm localism yog tej zaum nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tshwm sim, vim hais tias nws coj mus rau ib tug tshaj dhau transformation ntawm ib tug loj ib feem ntawm zej zog. Tab sis, ua ntej peb tham txog cov essence thiab tseem ceeb ntawm no kho kom zoo, nws yog tsim nyog los qhia hais tias tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog lub era ntawm txoj kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm peb lub teb chaws, vim hais tias nws yog ces hais tias tsoom fwv yog kom meej meej paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev hloov thiab kev loj kho kom zoo. Txawm li cas los, cov laus thiaj tseem muaj zog heev, xws li ib tug system ntawm localism. Yog li ntawd hu ua nyob rau hauv lub qub ntsiab cai ntawm hloov chaw txaus yog tsis nyob rau hauv raws li tus kheej cov hlob, thiab los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm gentility thiab txim hluav taws xob ntawm ib tug neeg. Qhov no coj mus rau kev txom kev tsis sib haum ntawm lub boyars, uas yuav lav lub siab dua hauv av, recalling nws thaum ub thiab noble hauv paus pib.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg

Xws li ib tug teeb meem no complicates lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev apparatus thiab cov tub rog rog. Lub essence ntawm regionalism yog tsis hau mus ua ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm thiab kev txiav txim ntawm cov neeg ntawm nws nom tswv cajceg thiab gentility.

Peb yuav tsum hais ib tug ob peb lo lus hais txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub Moscow nom tswv cajceg: nws muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub qub aristocracy ntawm lub capital, yuav tsum tau Lithuanian thiab Tatar princes thiab nobles txuas mus rau Moscow fiefdoms. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, muaj nyob rau hauv lub sovereign Duma, pib lub civil thiab cov tub rog koom haum saib xyuas. Txawm li cas los, cov txom sib cav tswv yim hais txog tej uas ib tug ntawm lawv sawv ntsug, cuam tshuam nrog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov burgeoning xeev apparatus uas zoo ntawm lwm yam uas yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau saj zawg zog system.

Heev feem ntau thaum lub sij hawm rau cov tub rog campaigns ntawm lub boyars thiab cov governors twb tibneeg hu tauj coob tsis tau tsuas yog tus cwj pwm ntawm hostilities, raws li koj khom lub tsheb tawm uas lawv yuav tsum tau superior, thiab leej twg subordinates hais tias, ntawm chav kawm, tej zaum kuj ua rau yus tragic txim.

Lub zog ntawm lub cev

Zemsky Sobor rau lub abolition ntawm parochialism, nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv, hloov tag nrho li ib txwm administrative qauv nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau txoj ntsiab cai no, rau ob peb centuries nws raug raws li kev coj system. Yog li ntawd, lawm, rau lo lus nug tshwm sim txog yog vim li cas rau lub stability ntawm lub system. Ntxiv mus, koj yuav tau xav seb ob peb yog vim li cas. Firstly, lub Moscow princes thiab kav cov vaj ntxwv lawv tus kheej kev txhawb nws, koom tes nyob rau hauv lub sib cav tswv yim ntawm cov boyars thiab paub lawv nyob rau cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab degree ntawm kinship. Ob, khov kho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Moscow cov neeg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg ntawm lwm yam principalities yuav tsum tau ib co kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm posts thiab regionalism nrog nws ruaj khov qauv yog zoo tshaj plaws haum rau qhov no. Peb, qhov no thiaj tau muab nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj paug phau ntawv thiab rodoslovtsah uas rau tiam tau txais kev pab raws li lub hauv paus rau kev tsis sib haum thiab neeg pab leg ntaubntawv.

Kwv nyob rau hauv lub historiography

Qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub abolition ntawm localism yog lub ntuj yuav tau txais ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau los mus tshem tawm cov awkwardness thiab tsis meej pem raws li nyob rau hauv no system, lub xeev apparatus. Txawm li cas los, cov niaj hnub historian D. Volodikhin sau ntawv ib co zoo nta ntawm lub cev, qhia tias nws muab ib co kev sib raug zoo thiab lub zog ntawm cov tag nrho lub system. Raws li cov kev soj ntsuam, qhov no txoj ntsiab cai no khaws cia rau lub sij hawm ua txoj kev sib sau ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub kev tsis sib haum thiab bickering tshaj plaws nyob. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau cov kev soj ntsuam tseem sib rau lub fact tias cov kev cai ntawm succession uas tsis tshua muaj tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj system.

KEEB KWM kho kom zoo

Raws li cov saum toj no, yog cov nram qab no yog vim li cas rau lub abolition ntawm localism: qhov yuav tsum tau mus ua kom tau zoo thiab mobile administrative qauv, lub tsarist tsoom fwv lub siab nyiam rau cov kev pab cuam yog tiag tiag feemxyuam thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev pab cov neeg. Qhov no kho kom zoo yuav tsum tau pom raws li ib tug continuation ntawm yav tas los kev cai ntawm lub Moscow rulers, feem ntau notably Mikhail Fedorovich, los tsim thiaj li hu ua tshiab kev txiav txim ntawm regiments. Yog li ntawd, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nws los ua tsim nyog los mus kov yeej cov laus neeg ua hauj lwm system.

cathedral

Ib tug tshiab lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov txiv plig sib sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1682. Qhov yuav kaw cov ntawm regionalism kuj yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab qhov yuav tshwm ntawm nws cov thawj tswj kev txiav txim siab. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Cathedral twb nplooj siab mus rau lub zoo kev cai dab qhuas lub sij hawm thiab yog ib tug continuation ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj kom zoo. Thaum no lub rooj sib tham, lub ntsiab teeb meem xa rau saib xyuas muaj kev txhawj xeeb rau kev tsim kho ntawm tshiab dioceses, monasteries, thaj ua rau thaj bureaucratic phau ntawv. Txawm li cas los, qhov yuav tsum tau rau lub abolition ntawm outdated qauv ntawm hloov chaw ntawm cov tub rog thiab tsoom fwv ua hauj lwm tau matured heev npaum li cas hais tias lawv txiav txim siab tua thiab me ntsis ntawm phau ntawv. Peb yuav hais tias cov laus cov kev pab system txais yuav los ntawm lub tso tseg kev txiav txim siab yog ib kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej nyob rau hauv cov tub rog thiab pej xeem cov thawj coj los.

nqi

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1682. Qhov yuav kaw cov ntawm regionalism tseem ceeb cov qib vim tus kheej tus laus tshaj. Yog li ntawd, Petus Kuv yuav tsis muab suav hais tias lub txwv zeej txwv koob cov kho kom zoo: thawj tus huab tais ntawm ib tug muaj zog thiab raws li txoj cai muaj kev dab tsi tau muaj ua ntej.