Ancient sau keeb kwm qhov chaw. Hom ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw

Lub historian feem ntau muaj rau nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm yav dhau los, ua nyob rau hauv lub tau ntawm soj ntsuam ncaj qha ntawm lawv cov hoob kawm nws tsis muaj. Txawm li cas los, kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau nqa tawm objectively thiab impartially, tsis muaj opportunistic mus kom ze rau lawv cov kev soj ntsuam. Yuav kom ua tau qhov no xwb tso cai rau lub ceev faj ua hauj lwm ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Thaum tseem nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm noj tau ib co keeb kwm qhov chaw (Qib 5). Nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam, cov me nyuam yuav muab ib co thawj zaug ntaub ntawv rau ib tug kawm. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw, yuav tsis tsuas tau paub lawv. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm tus txheej txheem, cov tub ntxhais kawm soj ntsuam, piv cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm kev sib sau phau ntawv.

terminology

Raws li Klyuchevskoy keeb kwm qhov chaw sawv cev rau ib lub qeb ntawm monuments. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam tu noob neej thiab tag nrho lub sawm fem, thiab cov tib neeg. Vim qhov no los yog cov ntaub ntawv yog supplemented los ntawm keeb kwm. Keeb kwm qhov chaw yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam li cas cov txheej txheem ntawm tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Raws li lub ntsiab txhais, uas muab Tikhomirov, peb yuav hais tias dim nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm cov lus qhia yog qhov seem ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov kev txhais ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw muaj cov lus qhia txog tiag tiag cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub neej thiab kev ua pej xeem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los xyoo pua. Tej no txhais cov ntsiab lus, koj yuav tau txais ib tug dav tswvyim. Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm qhov chaw yog kev cai khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv xav ncaj qha rau kev ntawm yav tag los. Lawv kaw lub tshwm sim kev tshwm sim thiab tej yam lus tseeb. Tom ntej no, xav txog dab tsi yog qhov keeb kwm qhov chaw.

hom

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb science. Kev qhuab qhia yog tseem soj txoj kev tebchaws lawv, nws muab ib tug kwv yees. Qhov no science yog hu ua "Chronology". Tsis pub dhau cov kev qhuab qhia sawv tawm ob peb pawg researched ntaub ntawv. Cov nram qab no hom ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw:

• Ethnographic.
• Phonons thiab duab.
• Tiag tiag.
• Sau ntawv.

Cov no yog cov yooj yim cov keeb kwm qhov chaw. Lawv sawv cev rau lub feem ntau mus siv cuag cov txheej xwm ntawm yav dhau los. Tham txog dab tsi yog qhov keeb kwm qhov chaw, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov zoo thiab coj cwj pwm variations.

tiag tiag khoom

Saum toj no yog ib tug faib ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw. Nyob ntawm seb uas qeb ib qho khoom yog xaiv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov cov kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, kev ua hauj lwm nrog cov keeb kwm qhov chaw ntawm lub tiag tiag zoo yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug science ntawm archeology. Yuav kom qhov no qeb yog txhua yam ntawm yav dhau los, cov tais diav, khoom vaj khoom tsev, crafts, cov cuab yeej, cov khaub ncaws, nyiaj-kub, treasures, burials, npib thiab thiaj li nyob. Nws yuav tsum tau kuj tau hais tias txog lub archeology thiab lwm yam ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, xws li duab thiab cov ib txwm cov ntaub ntawv. Analysis ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw tso cai rau koj los ib tug los yog lwm lub sij hawm ntawm noob neej. Ntshiav khoom uas hais cov lus qhia, cov kws txawj sis tus socio-economic kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Ancient sau keeb kwm qhov chaw

Qhov no muaj xws li qeb kev sau ntawv monuments particular era. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, birch ntoo. Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov thiab lwm lub zos muaj cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm tus thawj tswj xwm ntawm lub feudal lords mus rau lub nyob neeg, daim ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov tswv teb, cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm lub zos lub taub hau, usury thiab economic cov ntaub ntawv, drafts ntawm wills. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov posts ntawm cov tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv cov ntsiab lus, kev cai lij choj raws li txoj cai, menyuam kawm ntawv ce.

Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub yav dhau los

Qhov saum toj no kev faib ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw yog xam tau tias yog mus yuav tag nrho. Txhua qeb nws muaj nws pab pawg. Yog li ntawd, rau sau qhov chaw tsis yog birch ntoo, tab sis kuj keeb kwm. Cov yav tas yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab seev ntawm yav dhau los. Xav lub ancient sau keeb kwm qhov twg los, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nws tseem credible ntaub ntawv hais txog lub neej ntawm cov neeg ntawm yav dhau los centuries. Tej hauj lwm muaj ntawv nyeem qauv sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov txheej xwm ntau lub xyoo.

Sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia twb preceded by ncauj kev lig kev cai. Nws yog tus saib ntawm cov neeg ncaj qha. Tus thawj chroniclers, uas nyob rau hauv Russia, twb tau sib sau ua ke cov lus qhia txog yav dhau los ob peb centuries. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv tau raug recreated yav dhau los chronology ntawm cov txheej xwm. Laus Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm qhov chaw muaj cov lus qhia txog lub phiaj los nqis tes, raws li nyob rau hauv lub zos cog lus. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm yog qhov tseeb yam ntxwv ntawm cov thawj, tham txog resettling pab pawg neeg. Paub twb dhau los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam. Los ntawm tsom xam ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw, tus neeg tshawb fawb xaus lus tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tus sau phau ntawv kos los ntawm lus dab neeg. Thiab qhov no yog to taub. Legends, zaj nkauj, legends, fairy tales yeej zoo kawg thiab tsis muaj sau keeb kwm ntawm ancient Russia.

Laus Lavxias teb sab annals raws li ib tug keeb kwm qhov chaw

Cov ntaub ntawv extant, fwm heev heev seem ntawm cov dab neeg, zaj nkauj thiab legends. Los ntawm kev siv lawv, cov xib hwb ntawm ancient Russia ua los rau tus tsis muaj nws keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv uas. Qhov ntawd yog lus dab neeg tau ua ib lub hauv paus rau rov qab keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov txheej xwm. Nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov ncauj tej hauj lwm muaj nco qab ntawm cov neeg, pub kom loj hlob thiab tsim keeb kwm. Century, yog ncaj qha nyob ib sab mus rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov thawj sau phau ntawv ntawm IX thiab X centuries, tau muab ntau npaum li cas cov ntaub ntawv uas, borrowed los ntawm dab neeg, es tshaj yav dhau los.

Knowledgebase

Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lub ntsiab hom ntawm cov khoom, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm ib tug huab cua hauj lwm. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov heev heev legends. Cov hauj lwm tau txuam nrog lub zos, lub zos, cemeteries, tracts, kis tau thoob plaws hauv lub Lavxias teb sab nras. Nws yog tseem ceeb uas qhov ntxov tshaj plaws puas yog heev zoo kev cob cog nrog lub pre-Christian, pagan cult ntawm pog koob yawg koob. Txawm li cas los, lub ze zog mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej tus sau phau ntawv lawv tus kheej, qhov ntau kom meej meej twb tsis siv lub keeb kwm ntaub ntawv thiab kom meej meej sawv tawm paj nyob rau hauv lub dhau los ntawm lub teb chaws. Nco qab ntawm cov neeg nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yuav ntau khaus thiab yog nkag tau rau hauv lub sib lawv liag lub moj khaum.

Daim ntawv tej hauj lwm

Cov hom thiab cov xwm ntawm lub arches, uas yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam ancient sau qhov twg los, tau nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv. Daim ntawv arches, nyob rau hauv particular, tau raug zoo nrog cov kev txawj ntse ntawm tus sau phau ntawv. Medieval hauj lwm twb muaj mas los khaws cia cov ntawv nyeem raws li ib puag nyob rau hauv lub tshiab ntawv. Txawj nyeem ntawv xav nyob rau hauv cov lub sij hawm tsis tau duab realism, thiab kev muaj tiag ntawm nws tus kheej. Lawv attracted los ntawm cov kev tshwm sim lub npe thiab lub documentary keeb kwm. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tus nyeem ntawv yog feem ntau yuam kev rau kev muaj tiag dab neeg ntawm txuj ci tseem ceeb, txheej xwm, tej cim thiab lwm yam tshwm sim.

kev nthuav qhia nta

Laus Lavxias teb sab historians muab tshiab ntawv yuavtsum rau kev kawm cov txheej xwm rau lawv. Lub narrative mus rau phenomena uas tus sau yog ib tug tim khawv. Hais plaub ntug tas li supplemented, cov ntawv nyeem koom los ntawm tshiab nkag. Kom txog thaum lub XVI caug xyoo, lub zaj dabneeg tsis muaj tiav sij hawm - nws lasted kom txog thaum lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob chronicler. Txhua tus neeg sau tau sim coj cov khoom mus rau "None ntawm no." Qhov kawg recordings muaj tshwj xeeb nqi khoom. Nyob rau hauv lawv tus sau twb tsis sau ntawv excerpts ntawm yav tas los ua hauj lwm thiab tau muab lawv tus kheej lub tswv yim. Uas yog vim li cas lub ancient sau keeb kwm qhov chaw ua tsis tau tiav. Qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom tau yeej ib txwm tau ib co zoo ntawm elusive, blending ntseeg nkaws mus rau hauv lub tam sim no. Txuas ntxiv los ntawm zaj dab neeg, "lub txiaj ntsim ntawm neeg ciaj" yog yuav muab txhais raws li ib tug zoo ntawm xaav hais tias muaj ib feem nyob rau hauv tus duab ntawm lub arches. Qhov no txoj kev hloov los ntawm yav tas los rau tam sim no yog ib tug mix ntawm cov laus, nqi documentary cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tshiab nkag rau cov txheej xwm ntawm kev kawm sau phau ntawv.

Drafting piav

Tus sau phau ntawv, tsim tej hauj lwm uas saib xyuas feem ntau hais txog kev ua tej hauj lwm ntawm lawv cov predecessors poob mus rau hauv lawv txhais tes. Attendance tseem ceeb rau lawv, thiab muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov keeb kwm ntaub ntawv. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, xws li cov tsiaj ntawv, ntawv cog lus, wills princes, ntseeg lub neej, dab neeg thiab ntau. Tom qab tag nrho cov muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas tau raug sau, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, heev ntau haiv neeg thiab heev heev, thiab tej zaum ob los yog peb daim, tus sau yog ib tug huab cua hauj lwm. Annals kev cob cog rua nrog lub xyoo ntawm lub xyoo. Tus sau nrhiav kom tsis txhob repetitions. Nws muaj cov kev nthuav qhia los ntawm lub xyoo ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg dawb huv - thaum lub sijhawm uas nws tuag. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj ib tug keeb kwm tshiab, exciting ob peb xyoos. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus sau faib nws mus rau hauv sij hawm, muab txhua leej txhua tus nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam xyoo. Qhov no siv tau nws ua tau kom cov kev hloov mus rau lub chronicler piav txhua xyoo.

Qhov no ua hauj lwm tsis tau hu ua cov neeg kho tshuab. Tus sau, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, yuav tsum tau tshwm sim los mus tshem tawm contradictions, mus nqa tawm heev sib lawv liag kev tshawb fawb rau leej kev tso kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj hnub nyoog. Chronicler yuav hla tej kev tshwm sim, raws li, piv txwv li, ntawm lawv cov nom tswv views, los yog ua rau ib tug xaiv ntawm cov xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv ib co hauj lwm koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug nyuag tswv yim ntawm cov originator. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tus sau tsis txua ib yam dab tsi tshiab. Thaum kawm tiav ntawm svodchika chronicler proceeded mus piav qhia txog tus txheej xwm ntawm nws lub hnub.

Class painting tej hauj lwm

Ancient sau keeb kwm qhov chaw - yog tsis yog ib tug txheej ntawm yav dhau los cov dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm ideology tau reflected. Los ntawm cov heev thaum pib ntawm nws lub neej, lub annals ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv tau txais ib tug coloring ntawm ib tug tej yam cim. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog ib yam ntawm cov monument. Cov ntaub ntawv tau kos mus txog nyob rau hauv ntau dua strata ntawm ancient haiv neeg, mas nyob rau hauv ze quarters mus rau lub None. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lub hauv paus cov nuj nqis nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ua feudal lords npis sov thiab cov thawj. Chronicler ntawm tag nrho cov sij hawm tig nws cov xim ntawm lub qaum zej zog.

Laurentian hauj lwm

Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv yog hnub tim 1377 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv compiling tus mlom kawm Lawrence thiab ib co lwm yam sau phau ntawv. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm parchment thawj. Nws muaj ib daim qauv ntawm cov Code of 1305. Nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm monks copyists nyob rau hauv 1377 yog qhov no ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm tub huabtais Dmitry (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod). Nws pib nrog cov ntawv nyeem ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" thiab xaus nrog 1305 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj tsis muaj cov txheej xwm ib txhia xyoo. Txheej 1305 muaj cov lus qhia txog tej xwm txheej uas coj qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm thaum tus poj vaj ntxwv ntawm Vladimir yog Michael Yaroslavovich. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv 1281, enlarged nyob rau hauv 1282-m. Laurentian Chronicle twb tso ua ke nyob rau hauv lub Annunciation Monastery nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod los yog nyob rau hauv lub Vladimir Christmas los. Nyob rau hauv 1792 nws tau nrhiav los ntawm cov kabmob AI Musin-Pushkin thiab tom qab hais rau Alexander lub Great. Tom qab ntawd, tus ntawv sau raug muab tshaj mus rau lub Public Library (tam sim no lub Saltykov-Shchedrin). Nws muaj nws khaws cia rau hnub no.

Ipatyevsky vault

Qhov no ntawv sau yog suav tias yog cov hiob monument, ib tug ntawm thaum ntxov tej hauj lwm ntawm lub chronicle. Lub npe ntawm lub tsev ceev nyiaj yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw hauv daim ntawv teev nyob rau hauv Kostroma nyob rau hauv Ipatiev monastery. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov ntawv sau peb qhov chaw. Thawj yog cov "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", lub thib ob - Kiev chronicle ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XII, thiab lub thib peb muaj mas Galician-Volyn narrative. Ipatyevsky koov yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau zoo ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov txheej xwm sau nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua lub teb chaws. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm lub chronicle yog ib tug secular style ntawm tej dab neeg. Rau ntau ntawm cov Galician-Volyn piav ib zaj yus kaj, paj lug cov lus, ua tsaug rau uas tus koov yuav tau tsa ceg mus rau theem ntawm poetic ua hauj lwm.

Novgorod kuv taleas

Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv yog xav tau qhov tseem ceeb qhov twg los, qhia zaj dab neeg txog txoj kev thiab kev nom kev tswv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab, nyob rau hauv particular, ntawm Novgorod 11-17 th centuries. Qhov no lub cev muaj ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab Tales ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XV thiab XVI centuries. Nyob rau hauv kev, nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm nws qhia lub ideology ntawm qhov kev txiav txim hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tib neeg. Txawm li cas los Novgorod sau phau ntawv feem ntau sawv nyob rau sab ntawm cov ua hauj lwm cov neeg. Ib tug heev nthuav cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv lub sij hawm txoj kev ua ib zaug xwb Lavxias teb sab xeev. Lawv cia koj los pab thiab qhia ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv, Tver, Moscow thiab lwm yam sau phau ntawv. Novgorodskie chronicle nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv conventionally xaiv los ntawm tsib tus xov tooj. Hiob ib sab yog pom tias yuav tsum tau ua ntej teeb. Nws qhia txog tus txheej xwm coj tuaj rau lub thirties ntawm lub 14th caug xyoo. Raws li ib feem ntawm tus thawj yog tam sim no "Lavxias teb sab tseeb" nyob rau hauv lub luv luv version, thiab kev cai lij choj sau, uas muaj xws li ob peb PatientsÕ monuments. Lub chronicle feem ntau pom cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub thib ob xyoo caum XII caug xyoo. Novgorod nqi kuv teeb qhia tawm nyob rau hauv Shakhmatova ua hauj lwm. Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov tej hauj lwm twb xav los ntawm ib tug txheej ntawm thawj zaug rau thaum xaus ntawm XI caug xyoo. Nws twb preceded los ntawm lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo".

Lub ntsiab lus vaults

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no lub sij hawm tsis plam nws chronicle tsis tau tsuas yog lub keeb kwm thiab tuav, tab sis kuj yog ib tug kawm ntawv kev txiav txim zoo. Vaults tseem qhia hwm glorious yav tag los ntawm cov neeg. Annals ntawm niaj hnub no yeej txhawb patriotic kev kawm ntawv ntawm noble tswv yim.

lwm yam ntaub ntawv

Xav Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm qhov chaw, tsis tau hais tias hais txog qhov puas ntawm neeg txawv teb chaws, uas yuav tsum tau mus nyob rau lub teb chaws av. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thawj zaug thiab tsuas loj scientific ua hauj lwm Kliuchevskoi ua PhD thesis rau tales ntawm neeg txawv teb chaws Muscovy. Qhov no ua hauj lwm twb luam tawm raws li ib tug monograph. Los ntawm daim ntawv keeb kwm qhov chaw yuav tsum tau xa txoj cai, tsoom fwv cov ntaub ntawv, forensic kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tej statistical cov ntaub ntawv, thoob ntiaj teb cov ntawv cog lus. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov lus qhia txog yav tas los koom kev kawm, kev soj ntsuam tau kawm los ntawm lwm tus emails, hmoov. Nyob rau hauv lub tom qab lub sij hawm ntawm cov pab pawg neeg sau qhov chaw pib nkag mus rau transcripts zasedaniyay senior ua hauj lwm ntawm nom tswv ob tog thiab kev taw, ntawv nthuav qhia, cov kev pab cuam, memoirs, pamphlets, periodicals (ntawv xov xwm thiab cov phau ntawv Magazine) thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb tej ntaub ntawv

Los ua ke ntawm ib tug loj ntim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm kiag thiab lub xeev tsev kaw neeg thiab ntau yam kev cov koom haum thiab cov tib neeg feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub archives. Lawv muab tshaaj, cia thiab ntxiv siv cov ntaub ntawv. Complex daim ntawv thov ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw tso cai soj ntsuam ntawm los sis tus txheej xwm ntawm lub yav dhau los raws li objectively li sai tau.

Lub monuments ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov ntaub ntawv kab lis kev cai

Ethnographic qhov chaw xws li cov ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj, lub neej txhua hnub thiab nyob tej yam kev mob ntawm cov neeg. Qhov no muaj xws li qeb, nyob rau hauv particular, cov cuab yeej, seev, cov cuab yeej rau ua liaj ua teb, tais diav ntim chaws, tais diav, vaj tse nyob, rooj tog zaum thiab cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv nws, khoom noj khoom haus, pej xeem cov khoom ua si. Lawv kuj muaj xws li outbuildings, khaub ncaws thiab textiles, xws li lub teb chaws costume, kho kom zoo nkauj, paj ntaub thiab thiaj li nyob. Nyob rau hauv cov qeb ntawm ethnographic qhov chaw kuj muaj xws li cov phenomenon ntawm cov neeg sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Cov no muaj xws tsev neeg thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub rituals, kev cai thiab pej xeem cov kev ntseeg, dab neeg, lwm yam thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws zaj nkauj, seev cev, paj lug, tales, legends, mysteries, conspiracies thiab legends.

Lwm yam monuments ntawm yav dhau los

Rau pictorial qhov chaw xws li cov los yog lwm yam tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, nrog rau petroglyphs, ib tug neeg cov khoom thiab collections ntawm paintings, sculpture, graphics. Cov pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li qhov chaw ntawm kev coj cwj pwm rituals (tub rog, ua hauj lwm, caij so, thiab lwm yam), zam, kev lis kev cai, nplua nuj yam khoom.

Tshiab txoj kev Teev

Cov kev ntawm sau thiab khaws cia ntaub ntawv tau txais haum ntau. Tshiab txoj kev tau sawv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm scientific discovery, hauj txoj kev loj hlob, inventions ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Cov documentary qhov chaw xws li, piv txwv li, zaj duab xis, suab thiab yees duab cov ntaub ntawv. Tej cov ntaub ntawv sau txoj kev no yog hu ua audiovisual. Lawv muaj ntaub ntawv uas yog tsim nyog rau me nyuam cov khoom uas tsimnyog siv. Feem ntau, cov chaw no yog xam tias yog comprehensively. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lawv yog heev uas zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem thiab ua si creation, qhov xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv encoding txoj kev thiab lub koom haum lawv cia. Tam sim no, ntau zaj duab xis, yees duab, video thiab suab recordings muaj nyob rau digital media. Qhov no saib kuas muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab muaj peev xwm siv lawv nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntau lub sij hawm los ntawm txawv tshwj xeeb.