Van Allen tawg siv

Lub ntiaj teb tawg siv (RPGs), Van Allena siv, los yog - ib cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw ze tshaj nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj chaw, muaj daim ntawv ntawm ib ncig, uas yog giant ntws ntawm electrons thiab protons. Lub ntiaj teb tuas lawv los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm lub dipole magnetic teb.

foundations

EBL twb tshwm sim nyob 1957-58. Zaum ntawm lub tebchaws United States thiab cov Soviet Union. "Explorer 1" (pictured hauv qab no), tus thawj US chaw satellites, lub community launch txog uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1958, yog muab tseem ceeb heev cov ntaub ntawv. Tsaug rau cov neeg Asmelikas onboard thwmsim rau lub ntiaj teb nto (nyob rau ntawm ib qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm txog 1000 km), twb pom tawg tsam (sab hauv). Tom qab ntawd, qhov thib ob xws cheeb tsam tau pom nyob rau ntawm ib qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm txog 20,000 km. Muaj yog tsis muaj tseeb ciam ntawm lub puab thiab txheej koj cov menyuam - thawj maj mus rau hauv lub thib ob. Lub ob tej aav txawv nyob rau hauv cov neeg kawm ntawv xwb tus hais thiab lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Cov chaw no lub npe hu ua Van Allena koj cov menyuam. Dzheyms Van Allen - ib tug physicist, ib tug xyaum ua tej yam uas pab lawv mus nrhiav tau. Zaum tau pom hais tias cov koj cov menyuam yog ua los ntawm lub hnub ci cua thiab them hais ntawm cosmic rays, uas yog attracted rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm nws magnetic teb. Txhua yam ntawm lawv tas ib torus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj chaw (ib daim duab uas yog zoo li tus zoo li ib tug donut).

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm muaj ntau yam thwmsim. Lawv muaj cai mus tshawb lub ntsiab nta thiab thaj chaw ntawm RPGs. Tsis tsuas yog peb ntiaj chaw, muaj tawg koj cov menyuam. Lawv yog cov muaj thiab lwm yam xilethi-aus lub cev, uas muaj ib qho chaw thiab ib tug sib nqus teb. Tawg siv Van Allen sab ua tsaug rau lub US interplanetary ships Mars. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov Americans pom nws nyob rau hauv Saturn thiab Jupiter.

Dipole magnetic teb

Peb ntiaj chaw muaj tsis tsuas Van Allena siv, tab sis lub dipole magnetic teb. Nws yog ib tug txheej ntawm magnetic zoo li nested nyob rau hauv ib leeg. Tus qauv ntawm lub teb tsa ib tug cabbage los yog dos. Sib Nqus plhaub yuav yuav xav li woven ntawm magnetic kab ntawm kev quab yuam qhov chaw kaw. Lub ze zog mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub dipole yog lub plhaub, ntau dua qhov lub magnetic teb lub dag lub zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus mem tes uas yuav tsum tau rau ib tug them particle penetrable sab nraum, kuj yuav tsub kom.

Yog li, N-kuv lub hnab ntawv muaj momentum hais P _n. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas tus thawj zaug momentum ntawm lub particle yog tsawg tshaj li P _n, nws qhia cov magnetic teb. Lub particle ces rov qab los rau qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los, nws kuj tshwm sim hais tias nws lem ntawm tus N-th plhaub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog tsis tau tawm. Particle yuav tau yuav nyob rau hauv cov ntxiab li ntev raws li nws tsis ploj, los yog kev nyuaj siab nrog residual cua yuav tsis poob lub zog.

Lub magnetic teb ntawm peb ntiaj chaw yog tib yam plhaub nyob rau ntawm txawv deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto ntawm txawv longitudes. Qhov no yog vim lub mismatch ntawm lub magnetic teb nrog lub axis ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm lub ntiaj chaw qag. Cov nyhuv no yog pom zoo tshaj plaws rau lub Brazilian magnetic anomaly. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no lub magnetic teb kab yog rho, thiab entrained hais mus rau lawv, yuav ua tau hauv qab no 100 km qhov siab thiab chaw pib lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg RPGs

Hauv lub tawg siv sis tsis ncaj tis ntawm cov protons thiab electrons. Thawj nyob rau hauv lub puab yog ib feem ntawm nws, thiab lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub txheej. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau ntawm ib thaum ntxov rau theem ntawm txoj kev tshawb, zaum ntseeg hais tias muaj lwm (e) thiab puab (proton) lub ntiaj teb tawg koj cov menyuam. Tam sim no, no lub tswv yim yog sob.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj mechanism ntawm tiam ntawm Van Allena Siv muab tub lim hais yog cov hniav lwj ntawm albedo neutrons. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias neutrons yog tsim thaum lub ntuj kaaj quas lug ua num ua ke nrog cosmic tawg. Lub ndlwg ntawm hais tsiv nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia los ntawm cov ntiaj chaw (neutrons albedo), kis tau los ntawm lub ntiaj teb magnetic teb dawb do. Txawm li cas los, lawv yog tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab nkag decompose rau hauv electrons, protons thiab electron antineutrino. Tej albedo tub ntxhais muaj siab zog, decompose nyob rau hauv lub tuav cheeb tsam. Qhov ntawd yog yuav ua li cas Van Allena siv yog Iwj positrons thiab electrons.

EBL thiab sib nqus los nag

Thaum pib muaj zog sib nqus los nag, cov hais tsis txhob cia li leeb, lawv tawm tej Van Allen siv, muab nchuav tawm ntawm nws. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias yog sib nqus teb configuration yog hloov, daim iav point yuav muab raus nyob rau hauv cov cua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus hais tsis tau zog (ionization losses, kev tawg ri niab) hloov lub suab ces kaum, thiab ces tuag xeeb rau hauv lub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg magnetosphere.

RPGs thiab sab qaum teb teeb

Van Allen tawg siv yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug ntshav txheej, constituting lub ntes cov kwj ntawm cov protons (ions) thiab electrons. Ib tug yog vim li cas rau qhov no tshwm sim raws li sab qaum teb (ncov qaumteb qabteb) glow - yog tias tus hais yog poured los ntawm cov ntshav txheej, thiab ib nrab ntawm ib tug sab nraud RPG. Borealis nruab nrab atmospheric tawg atoms uas muaj siab vim kev sib tsoo ntawm tus hais precipitating tawm ntawm txoj siv tawv.

Txoj kev tshawb no RPGs

Yuav luag tag nrho cov tseem ceeb nyob rau tau ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm xws formations li cov tawg koj cov menyuam, uas twb tau nyob rau hauv hais txog 1960-70-ies. Tsis ntev los no cov tswvyim uas siv cov orbital noj, interplanetary ships thiab qhov tseeb scientific cov khoom tau tso cai zaum yuav tsim ib tug heev tseem ceeb cov lus tshiab qhia. Van Allen koj cov menyuam nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog kawm nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm. Piav mentsis txog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua tau nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no.

Cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm lub "Salyut-6"

Soj ntsuam los ntawm cov Moscow Engineering Physics lub koom haum nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80-ies tau tshawb xyuas cov electron txaus nrog ib theem siab ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd cheeb tsam ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Ua li no, lawv siv cov khoom, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub orbital chaw nres tsheb "Salyut-6". Nws tso cai rau zaum nraaj heev cais cov kwj ntawm cov positrons thiab electrons nrog energies siab tshaj 40 MeV. Orbit chaw nres tsheb (inclination ntawm 52 °, ntawm lub qhov siab ntawm txog 350-400 km) sau feem ntau hauv qab no cov tawg koj cov menyuam ntawm cov ntiaj chaw. Txawm li cas los, nws tseem kov lub puab ib feem nyob rau hauv lub Brazilian magnetic anomaly. Thaum hla qhov chaw nyob ruaj ruaj tsev twb pom, muaj raws ntawm high-zog electrons. Lub RPG tsuas electrons uas nws lub zog yog tsawg tshaj li 5 MeV raug kaw ua ntej ib tug xyaum ua tej yam.

dag satellite cov ntaub ntawv series "Lub hnub qub ya-3"

Soj ntsuam los ntawm cov Moscow Engineering Physics lub koom haum nqa tawm ntxiv ntsuam rau dag satellites ntawm cov ntiaj chaw series "Lub hnub qub ya-3", nyob rau hauv uas lub qhov siab ntawm lub yeej orbit ntawm 800 km thiab 1200. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub tsev tau noj hauv paus nyob rau hauv heev sib sib zog nqus RPGs. Nws paub tseeb hais tias cov kev tshwm sim hais tias twb tau ua ntej lawm nyob rau ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb "Salut-6". Cov soj ntsuam ntawm ces tau lwm tseem ceeb tshwm sim, yuav ua rau kev siv ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb "Mir" thiab "Salyut-7" sib nqus spectrometers. Nws twb qhov tseeb hais tias ruaj khov tsam yav tas los cai muaj heev dua lwm yam ntawm electrons (positrons tsis muaj), lub zog ntawm uas yog heev (mus txog 200 MeV).

Qhib nyob ruaj ruaj CNO nuclei siv

Ib pab pawg neeg ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm MSU NIYAF nyob rau hauv lub lig 80 thiab thaum ntxov 90-ies nqa tawm ib qho kev xyaum ua tej yam tswj kev kawm cov nuclei, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze qhov chaw. Cov kev ntsuam tau nqa tawm siv proportional lag thiab nuclear emulsions. Lawv tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv satellite "Cosmos" series. Zaum muaj sab lub xub ntiag ntawm nuclei ntws N, O thiab Tsis muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug dag satellite orbit (inclination ntawm 52 °, kwv yees li 400-500 km qhov siab) tshuam Brazilian anomaly.

Analysis tau hais tias cov nuclei, lub zog nce mus txog ob peb kaum ntawm MeV / nucleon twb tsis galactic, albedo los yog hnub ci keeb kwm, txij li thaum lawv yuav tsis nrog npaum li ntawd lub zog mus txeem sib sib zog nqus mus rau hauv lub magnetosphere ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Yog li ntawd zaum muaj sab anomalous tivthaiv ntawm cosmic rays daig los ntawm tus magnetic teb.

Tsawg-zog atoms nyob rau hauv lub interstellar teeb meem, yog muaj peev xwm mus txeem mus rau hauv lub heliosphere. Ces, ultraviolet tawg ntawm lub hnub ionizes mono- los yog disubstituted. Cov uas ua them hais yog ceev rau lub fronts ntawm lub hnub ci cua, xeeb ob peb kaum ntawm MeV / u. Lawv ces txeem mus rau hauv lub magnetosphere, uas yog tej thiab tag nrho ionized.

Quasi-ruaj ruaj siv protons thiab electrons

Nyob rau hnub March 22, 1991 muaj ib tug haib flash uas nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug lossis loj loj ntawm solar khoom. Nws mus txog rau lub magnetosphere los ntawm 24 Lub peb hlis ntuj thiab tau hloov nws lub txheej cheeb tsam. Lub hnub ci cua magnetosphere tawg hais tau ntau zog. Lawv mus txog cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas ces yog cress, ib tug American satellite. Devices mounted thereon kaw ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv proton zog yog varied ntawm 20 mus rau 110 MeV thiab haib electron (txog 15 MeV). Qhov no yog evidenced los ntawm tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug tshiab txoj siv. Ua ntej, ib tug quasi-ruaj ruaj siv pom nyob rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm spacecraft. Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub "Mir" chaw nres tsheb, nws kawm rau lub caij ntawm lub neej yog hais txog ob lub xyoos.

Incidentally, nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub cosmos pob tawg lawm nuclear pab kiag li lawm, muaj ib tug quasi-ruaj ruaj siv, muaj raws ntawm electrons nrog me me energies. Nws tau muaj txog 10 xyoos. Tej fission tawg tsam disintegrated, thiab qhov no yog ib qhov chaw ntawm them hais.

Puas muaj ib tug RPG rau lub hli

Nyob rau hauv lub satellite ntawm peb ntiaj chaw yog tsis muaj Van Allen tawg siv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv huab cua. Lub nto ntawm lub hli qhib lub hnub ci cua. Ib tug muaj zog hnub ci flare, yog hais tias nws tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm daim hom phiaj yuav tsum incinerated thiab cov astronauts thiab cov tshuaj ntsiav, raws li yuav tsum tau spewed enormous tawg flux, uas yog neeg tuag taus.

Puas yuav ua tau los tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cosmic tawg

Lo lus nug no muaj xav zaum rau ntau xyoo. Nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob, raws li yog lub npe hu, muaj yuav luag tsis muaj cov nyhuv rau peb noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los, nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg thaum lawv tsis pub tshaj ib tug tej yam chaw pib. Koj puas paub tias dab tsi theem ntawm hluav taws xob sab nraum lub Van Allen siv, rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm peb ntiaj chaw? Feem ntau, cov ntsiab lus ntawm saib puas muaj radon thiab thorium hais tsawg tshaj li 100 Bq ib 1 m ^3. Sab hauv, RPGs, cov nuj nqis muaj ntau.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus Van Allen tawg koj cov menyuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog heev txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Lawv feem rau tus kab mob kawm ntau soj ntsuam ntawm. Soviet zaum nyob rau hauv 1963 hais tias Bernard Lovell, tus naas ej British astronomer, uas txhais tau tias lawv tsis paub tus neeg los tiv thaiv los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Qhov no yog hais tias nws yuav tsis tau txawm tias lis tuab plhaub ntawm lub Soviet apparatus. Yuav ua li cas, ces, siv nyob rau hauv tsiav tshuaj Americans Superfine lub hlau, yuav luag zoo li ib tug ntawv ci, yuav tiv thaiv astronauts?

Raws li cov tseeb ntawm NASA, nws tau xa astronauts rau lub hli tsuas yog thaum kab mob yuav tsis xav hais tias lub koom haum muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm cua. Nws yog ua tau kom txo tau cov tawg teeb meem. Lwm yam kws txawj, txawm li cas los, cam hais tias tsuas roughly twv seb lub hnub ntawm siab tawg.

Van Allen siv thiab ya mus rau lub hli

Leonov, Soviet cosmonaut, nyob rau hauv 1966 tseem tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv qhib chaw. Txawm li cas los, nws twb hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib tug super-hnyav lead ce. Tab sis tom qab 3 lub xyoos, astronauts los ntawm lub tebchaws United States dhia rau hauv lunar nto, thiab yog kom meej meej tsis nyob rau hauv lub hnyav suits. Tej zaum cov kws txawj los ntawm NASA ntau lub xyoo muaj kev tswj kom nrhiav tau ultra-lub teeb khoom uas tiv thaiv lub astronauts ntawm tawg? Moonshot tseem seb puas tsimnyog tau ntau cov lus nug. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab lus sib cav ntawm cov neeg uas ntseeg tau hais tias tus neeg Mis Kas tsis tau los tsaws rau nws - lub hav zoov ntawm hluav taws xob koj cov menyuam.