Ib txhia lus pawg

Tag nrho cov lus hais nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw, muaj kwv yees li tib yam qauv complexity. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm, cov txheej thaum ub dialects tsis muaj nyob. Txhua adverb yog hom phiaj haum rau rog xav txog thiab qhia txog kab lis kev cai hais lus neeg rau nws.

Yuav hais raws nraim li cas muaj ntau yam muaj niaj hnub no adverbs nyuaj. Teeb meem rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj yog tsis muaj tseeb tias tag nrho cov dialects, patois, suab hais lus, uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb yog lub npe hu rau science. Raws li ib co conservative kev kwv yees, cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no idioetnicheskih lus xws li los ntawm ob thiab ib tug ib nrab mus rau peb txhiab. Nyob rau hauv raws li lub siab tshaj plaws qib, cov xov tooj ntawm dialects yog ob peb lub sij hawm loj.

Muaj yooj yim dialectic tsev neeg. Qhov no kev faib muaj xws li cov feeb uas tau faib rau cov lus pab pawg. Lawv muab faib raws li thaj koom haum ua teb. Thaum no tus taw tes lub ntsiab los yog tag nrho khoom ceg mus rau hauv cov lus pab pawg thiab pab pawg, thiab kuj feem ntau paub dialects.

Siv cov thawj txheej ntawm comparative keeb kwm txoj kev yog Indo-European tsev neeg. Tom qab Sanskrit, ntau soj ntsuam ntawm (Lavxias teb sab, Fabkis, Italian, German, Danish, etc.) tau qhib mus coj ib tug active txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kinship tej yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txawv dialects nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia thiab teb chaws Europe uas yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv tsos. German soj ntsuam ntawm muaj hu ua no pab pawg neeg "Indo-Germanic" (thiab tej zaum tseem hu nws li ntawd). Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws, qhov no lub sij hawm tsis siv.

Cais lus pawg muaj nyob rau hauv lub Indo-European tsev neeg ua ntej - yog lub Greek (uas yog tus tsuas yog Greek dialects), Iranian, Indian (Indo-Aryan). Nws kuj muaj xws li Italic ceg. Nws yog Ameslikas lub Latin lus. Tom qab tsim heev heev cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm no ceg. Yog li, tsim nyob rau niaj hnub Romance, Celtic, Baltic, Germanic, Slavic lus pab pawg neeg. Tseem tau sau yog cais thiab lub Albanian thiab Armenian dialects. Cov lus pawg neeg pom tau hais tias hais txog nta. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau qhov no yog mixed dialects. Piv txwv li, muaj yog ib tug Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic lus.

Lub Indo-European tsev neeg yog ua tsis tau zoo rau tus xov tooj ntawm dialects uas ua rau nws mus rau lwm tsev neeg. Txawm li cas los, nws yog lub feem ntau ntau thaj nyuag, thiab qhov loj tshaj plaws los ntawm tus xov tooj tham (txawm yog tias koj tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov neeg uas yog siv raws li ib tug thib ob hom lus Spanish, Fabkis, Lus Askiv, Lavxias teb sab, Portuguese thiab ntau lwm tus neeg).

Ural tsev neeg muaj ob tug ceg. Number of dialects teej tug mus rau lub tsev neeg, ntau tshaj nees nkaum, yog tias koj noj ib zaug xwb Sami lus. Yog hais tias peb xav txog Sami dialects ib lub zuj zus, tag nrho cov nuj nqis ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm plaub caug adverbs.

Finno-Ugric lus pab pawg neeg yog xav tau loj txaus. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg hais lus - txog nees nkaum lab cov neeg. Qhov no muaj xws li lub Baltic-Finnish (Estonian thiab Finnish), Ugric (Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty), Finno-Volga (Mari thiab Mordvin dialects), Perm pab pawg (Zyryan Komi thiab Permian Komi thiab Udmurt lus). Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw yog nyob los ntawm cov Sami lub suab hais lus.

Qhov thib ob ceg ntawm lub Ural tsev neeg - Samoyeds.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ib txhia lus pawg neeg uas yog ib feem ntawm tsev neeg no yog nyob rau hauv lub extinction theem. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, xws li me me Finnic dialects (tsuas yog Veppsian). Ntawm plaub Samoyed lus tso nyob ib leeg - Nenets. Tej zaum, uas tau ploj mus thiab Votic lub suab hais lus.

Raws li feem ntau soj ntsuam ntawm, lus twb tsim txog ib nrab ib lab lub xyoo dhau los. Txawm li cas los, ib co sau phau ntawv xa mus rau lwm cov nuj nqis. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tseem heev tsis meej lus kev kawm ntawv txheej txheem.