Tectonic qauv. Lub earliest tectonic qauv

Tectonic qauv - ib tug loj cheeb tsam ntawm lub zog plhaub ntawm cov ntiaj chaw. Lawv raug txwv los ntawm sib sib zog nqus faults. Zog thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kaub puab muaj kawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm xws disciplines li tectonics.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Tectonic qauv soj ntsuam siv thaj kuas, geophysical txoj kev (seismic, nyob rau hauv particular) raws li drilling. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov chaw no yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv raws li cov txais cais. Txog cov geology nruab nrab thiab me luaj li cas ntawm txog 10 km nyob rau hauv tus ntoo khaub lig seem, tectonics - tsim ntawm loj, tshaj 100 km. Tus thawj yog hu ua dislocations ntawm ntau hom (discontinuous, injective thiab li ntawd.). Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg hais txog synclinoria thiab anticlinoria nyob rau hauv daim ntau quav tso chaw aulacogens, syncline, anticline hauv cov phiaj, shields, perikratornyh subsidence. Pawg no kuj muaj xws li underwater passive thiab active continental margins, platform, geosynclinal siv, dej hiav txwv, orogenes, nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges, rifts, thiab hais txog. Cov feem ntau loj-scale tectonic lug them nyuaj plhaub thiab hu ua lithosphere thiab sib sib zog nqus.

kev faib

Superglobals hiob tectonic qauv mus txog kaum tawm lab tus square meters. km nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam thiab txhiab tus kilometers ntawm nws kav ntev npaum. Lawv tsim thoob plaws hauv lub geological keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj chaw nyob ntev. Ntiaj teb no tectonic qauv - ib tug tsim uas coj mus 10 lab sq. km. Lawv ntev nce mus txog ob peb txhiab kilometers. Lub caij ntawm lawv lub neej yog muaj raws li yav dhau los plots. Muab kuj subglobal tectonic qauv ntawm cov kaub puab. Lawv nyob ib cheeb tsam ntawm ob peb lab square meters. km thiab stretches rau txhiab kilometers. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob - ntau tshaj 1 billion xyoo.

Main tectonic qauv

Raws li kev sib sau xaav txheeb ze monolithic cais lithospheric daim hlau. Rau hnub tim, qhov loj tshaj plaws lub npe hu 7 thiab 11-13 me me thaj av. Cov yav tas los xws li lub Eurasian, North thiab South America, Teb chaws Africa, Indo-Australia, Pacific, Antarctic tectonic qauv. Rau me me chaw muaj xws li Philippine, willows, Caribbean phaj, txiv maj phaub, thiab thiaj li tawm Nazca.

fractured tsim

Cov tectonic qauv cais lithospheric daim hlau. Ntawm lawv, thawj ntawm tag nrho cov paub qhov txawv rifts. Lawv muab faib ua continental thiab nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv. Tsis ntev los no daim ntawv lub ntiaj teb no system, qhov ntev ntawm uas yog ntau tshaj li 64 txhiab. Km. Piv txwv li qhov chaw muaj peev xwm pab East African (qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no), Baikalsky. Lwm yam kev txhaum lug yog txia qhov chaw dissecting rifts perpendicular. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov kab mus kab rov tav ua haujlwm rau tej thaj chaw ntawm lithospheric phiaj, uas nyob ib sab mus rau lawv.

platform

Lawv qeeb-tsiv txhav crustal blocks. Cov chaw tau txaus ntev theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Platforms yog txawv peb-tiered qauv. Lawv siv lead ua qauv yog tam sim no lub hauv paus uas yog tsim nyob rau basalt thiab granite-gneiss khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Lub platform kuj cais sedimentary cover. Crystalline foundation khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsim metamorphic pob zeb, nyob rau hauv crumpled folds. Tag nrho cov no yog ib qhov nyuaj rau ua txhaum los ntawm lub thickness ntawm cov dislocated intrusion (feem ntau acidic thiab muaj ib tug nruab nrab muaj pes tsawg leeg). Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov tsim ntawm lub hauv paus, lub platform yog muab faib mus rau hauv cov tub ntxhais thiab ancient tectonic lug. Qhov kawg ua raws li lub nucleus ntawm cov continents, noj lawv centerpiece. Cov menyuam kawm muab tso rau hauv lawv cov periphery. Nyob rau hauv sedimentary cover khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg muaj feem ntau nedislotsirovannye pas dej, offshore thiab nyob rau hauv uas tsis tshua muaj mob continental nag lossis daus.

Panels thiab daim hlau

Cov tectonic lug yog txwv kom muab zais raws li cov specifics ntawm lub geological qauv. Ntaub thaiv npog hu ua platform feem uas tus bedrock yog rau ntawm qhov chaw, i.e. lawv tsis muaj txo. Nyob rau hauv lub nyem panels uas hais, raws li ib tug txoj cai, plateaus thiab toj. Daim Hlau yog platforms los yog lawv seem, nta ib tug haib sedimentary txheej. Lawv tsim yog tshwm sim los ntawm subsidence thiab marine txhaum. Lub topography ntawm phaj feem feem ntau sib lowland thiab upland.

anteclise

Lawv sawv cev rau cov loj tshaj plaws zoo tsim ntawm phaj feem. Lub nto yog convex bases. Lub sedimentary cover yog tsis yus peev xwm loj. Tsim anteclises nqa tawm raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tectonic nqa cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj ntau yam horizons tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub nyob ib sab tsis zoo rau tej thaj chaw tej zaum yuav tsis yuav ntes tau nyob rau hauv lawv.

Arrays thiab projections

Lawv yog cov regional lug anteclises. Arrays yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau dua qhov chaw ntawm lawv. Lawv yog cov lub hauv paus los yog nyob rau saum npoo, los yog them los ntawm sedimentary formations ntawm lub Quaternary. Projections hu ntawm lub arrays. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm elongated los yog isometric qab daus highs, ncav ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 100 km. Nyiaj kuj faus projections. Saum toj no rau lawv, lub sedimentary cover yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm zoo heev txo tej.

syneclise

Lawv yog cov tsis zoo ntau tshaj plaws super-regional lug ntawm phaj lug. Lawv nto yog concave foundation. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm ib tug ca hauv qab thiab heev ntiav cov ces kaum ntawm dip rau hauv lub qhov chaw siab tshaj. Syncline tsim los ntawm lub subsidence cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv cov sedimentary cover muaj hwj huam sib txawv.

monocline

Cov lug txawv tectonic formations nqes hav tog. Lawv kaum sab xis ntawm cov xwm txheej yog tsis tshua muaj ntau tshaj li 1 degree. Nyob rau cov nyob qib ntawm lub zoo thiab tsis zoo lug, uas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus ciam teb Monocline nws qeb zaum kuj yuav sib txawv. Regional formations ntawm sedimentary cover paj grabens, ib tug puv tes, thiab lub eeb. Tsis ntev los no nyob ib nrab txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qhov siab ntawm qhov chaw. Eeb positioned saum toj no qhov tsis zoo lug puag ncig lawv, tab sis tsawg zoo.

orogen

Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm cov kaub puab. Roob-daim ntau quav tso cheeb tsam yog tsim nyob rau convergence ntawm lithospheric chaw. Feem ntau ntawm lawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hluas, yog yus muaj los ntawm high seismicity. Raws li ib tug yuav tsum muaj hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev faib ntawm lub roob-tais cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub hnub nyoog ua hauj lwm pab formations. Nws yog ntsia tau rau tus yau crumpled strata. Roob yog hom twg sib cais lawm, yog li nyob rau ntawm:

1. Baikal.
2. Hercynian.
3. Caledonian.
4. Alpine.
5. Cimmerian.

Qhov no kev faib yog xav tau es arbitrary, raws li feem ntau zaum paub txog cov rooj saab laaj ntawm lub folding.

Quav-thaiv arrays

Cov lug yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm revitalization ntawm kab rov tav thiab ntsug tectonic taw nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub yav tas los ces yuav tsum thiab feem ntau twb puas lawm systems. Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas, quav-thaiv qauv yog ntau raug ntawm lub Paleozoic thiab ntxov theem cheeb tsam. Koom Haum Niam arrays, feem ntau zoo ib yam li cov configuration ntawm khoov rau ob sab pob zeb formations. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis ib txwm kuaj nyob rau hauv lub tais-thaiv chaw. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais roob ranges sib anticlinoria lug thiab synclinoria - intermountain troughs. Hauv lub tais khej, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau lawv periphery yog faib, ntsig txog, ntug thiab advanced hollows thiab nram hav. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov formations cov txheej txheem ntawm ntxhib fragmental khoom tsob los ntawm tawg pob zeb formations - zib suab thaj. Foredeep tsim yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tus subduction ntawm lithospheric chaw.

Central Lavxias teb sab chaw uas zoo heev

Txhua loj tej yam ntuj tso complex yog hais raws li ib tug loj cheeb tsam geostructural cheeb tsam. Nws yuav ua tau ib tug platform los yog quav system ntawm ib tug geologic muaj hnub nyoog. Txhua qhov chaw muaj ib tug coj qhia nyob rau hauv lub nyem. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov sib txawv climatic tej yam kev mob, osbenno av cover. Lub paj yog feem ntau tectonic qauv Ural. Nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no lub xeev nws yog meganticlinorium, uas muaj ob peb anticlinoria elongated meridional thiab sib cais synclinoria. Xeem match longitudinal nram hav, tus thawj - ridges. Ntsiab Uraltausky anticline sau los ntawm tag nrho cov kev kawm. Raws li nyob tus yeees ntawm Riphean deposits nws yuav xaus lus tias tsis yog ib tug intensive subsidence thaum lub sij hawm lawv txuam nrog. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws pheej hloov luv luv-term nqa. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus Riphean originated Baikal daim ntau quav tso. Pib raising, lub zog nyob rau hauv lub Cambrian. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, yuav luag tag nrho cov chaw uas zoo heev muab rau hauv qhuav av. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm cov heev tsawg tis ntawm cov sediments, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ntsuab schists Lower Cambrian tsim, marble thiab quartzite. Tectonic qauv ntawm Ural nyob rau hauv lub qis theem li no ua kom tiav nws cov shaping Baikalian folding. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tsim nyob rau tej thaj chaw uas tsis yog cov neeg uas sawv ntawm ib tug tom qab lub sij hawm. Lawv kawm ntawv ntxiv foundation Timan-Pechora ntug nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe platform.

Siberian tectonic qauv: Aldanskoye Highlands

Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog muaj li ntawm prehistoric Proterozoic gneisses thiab schists. Lawv mus rau lub Precambrian ntawm lub Siberian platform. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog ib co ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas muaj tectonic qauv. Aldan toj siab tsim rau meso-Cenozoic keeb kwm ntawm lub yav qab teb qhov chaw ntawm lub North Baikal thiab lub platform. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub crystalline qab daus pob zeb yog nyob rau saum npoo. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm zoo-grained Granites, ancient quartzite, marbles thiab gneisses. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb nqes hav muaj ib thaj chaw uas lub hauv paus lus dag ntawm ib tug tob ntawm txog 1.5 km. Nws pob zeb yog intruded los ntawm granitic intrusions ntawm ntau theem ntawm geological txoj kev loj hlob.

European ib feem

Ntawm no paj roob Khibiny. Tectonic qauv yog dissected denudation tsa nras. Lawv nyob ib thaj tsam ntawm lub Kola ceg av qab teb thiab Karelia. Tsim roob Khibiny tectonic qauv originated nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov intrusions thiab dislocations. Lawv txiav txim siab tus struts. Alkaline array cheeb tsam no yog sawv cev los ntawm ib qho ntawm lub complex multiphase intrusions. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm tus ciam gneyskogo Archaean thiab Proterozoic formations Tsim Varzuga-Imandra thiab nyob rau hauv transverse puas tsam tseem ceeb uas kis tau los ntawm kab p. Cola - p. Niva.