Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Kev cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag: qauv

Raws li nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag muaj cais thauj mechanisms uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov me nyuam ntawm cov as-ham rau tus neeg lub hlwb thiab ntaub so ntswg. Niaj hnub no peb yuav sib tham txog cov nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qhov kev cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

Conductive fabrics yog cov uas muaj zog as dlaws yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob. Yog vim li cas rau lawv tshwm sim yog cov qhov tso zis ntawm cov thawj nroj tsuag rau daim av. Los ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau lub nplooj, raws li nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus xam, nws tsiv upward ndlwg ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov ntsev thiab lwm yam cov as-ham. Raws li, ib tug downward tam sim no ntws nyob rau hauv lub rov qab cov kev taw qhia.

Upward thauj tshwm sim los ntawm cov hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv cov ntoo cov ntaub so ntswg (xylem) downward tib tus me nyuam - siv phloem sab cib lug nyob rau hauv lub cortex (lub phloem). Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub zoo tsa uas ntawm Xylem hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Hlwb lawv elongated, oblong zoo yog muab qhia. Yuav ua li cas lwm tus yog cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag?

Yuav ua li cas yog lawv?

Koj yuav tsum paub hais tias muaj thawj thiab ntaub ntawm no hom. Wb muab lawv ib tug standard kev faib tawm, txij li thaum lub visibility ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas pab txoj kev nws haum. Yog li ntawd, ntawm no yog ib tug yooj yim qauv ntawm cov kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag, nyob rau hauv tabular daim ntawv.

Raws li tej zaum koj yuav to taub, xylem thiab phloem yog ib tug complex hom, raws li vim nws ua kev qauv thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev khiav dej num.

Raws li koj tau pom, cov qauv ntawm cov kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag ib co supernatural complexity yog tsis sib txawv. Xijpeem, nws yog yooj yim npaum li nyob rau hauv ntau dua tsiaj hlwb.

Xylem. conductive ntsiab

Lub hiob ntsiab ntawm tag nrho vascular system yog tracheids. Yog li ntawd-hu ua kev ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hlwb nrog kev, taw xaus. Nws yog rau lawv tom qab tshwm sim zoo ntoo fiber ntaub. Lawv muaj ib tug txhav phab ntsa ntawm loj thickness. Daim ntawv tracheids yuav ua tau sib txawv heev:

• O-nplhaib.
• Muab Kauv.
• Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov dots.
• Lub spore.

Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias twb nyob rau hauv dua as tov yog lim los ntawm ntau yam pores, thiab yog li ntawd lawv zog ceev yog heev tsawg. Tej yam tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog feem ntau tsis nco qab lawm.

Nyob rau tej nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li tus yam ntxwv caij?

Tracheids yuav muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov ntau dua sporophytes. Lower gymnosperms yog feem ntau kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv hais, thiab txawm lawv ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm. Lub fact tias cov muaj zog phab ntsa ntawm tracheids, uas peb twb hais saum toj no, tso cai rau lawv mus nqa tawm tsis tau tsuas yog ncaj qha kev muaj nuj nqi, tab sis kuj yuav pab txhawb nqa, neeg kho tshuab cov qauv. Qhov no yog - lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas los ntawm heev npaum li cas nyob.

Feem ntau lawv yeej tsuas muaj ib zaug xwb kev txhawb nqa qauv, uas muab lub cev rau qhov tsim nyog lub dag lub zog mus rau lub nroj tsuag. Curiously, tag nrho cov (!) Nyob rau hauv cov ntoo ntawm conifers yog tsis tuaj kiag li muaj kev tshwj xeeb cov neeg kho tshuab cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab lub dag lub zog muab thiaj tau tuaj los ntawm peb sib tham tracheids. Qhov ntev ntawm cov tsab conductive ntsiab yuav los ntawm ib tug ob peb millimeters mus rau ib tug ob peb centimeters.

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub kev cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag Qib 5 tej theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv, tiam sis feem ntau cov lus nug ntawm lub coos hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag baffled txawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv kev lom faculties.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlab ntsha

Lawv sawv cev rau ib tug heev txawv caij nyob rau hauv lub xylem ntawm angiosperms. Nyob rau hauv tsos zoo li ib tug ntev, hollow raj. Txhua yam ntawm lawv yog tsim los ntawm lub txuas elongated hlwb rau ib tug "taub qab ob leeg". Cov theem ntawm txhua txog ntsha yog hu ua ib tug cell, uas nyob rau hauv nws cov kev haumxeeb qauv yog zoo xws li cov tracheids. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg, txawm li cas los, hais tias cov theem muaj ntau wider thiab luv dua lawv.

Uas qeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum tau paub txog cov nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov conductive ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag? 5 chav kawm ntawv, uas pib coj botany thiab cov qauv ntawm tsob nroj lub cev, muaj peev xwm twb tau ua nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau yooj yim cov lus nug nyob rau hauv no lub npe.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm lub nkoj qab thus tsim

Hais tias xylem, uas tshwm thawj zaug nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, hu ua cov thawj. Nws tab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm thiab saum ntawm cov tub ntxhais tua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub sib cais feem xylem hlab ntsha loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub distal xaus prokambialnyh strands. Lub nkoj qab thus nws tus kheej zoo nkaus li tom qab lub merger, vim kev puas tsuaj ntawm sab hauv partitions. Koj yuav saib tau no yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob hlais: hauv cia rims uas yog cov cia li tib yam thiab yog cov remnants ntawm lub puam tsuaj phab ntsa.

Cia peb nco ntsoov li cas ntxwv hais ua tsaug rau ib tug kev cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab ib co ntawm lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag:

• Epidermal plhaub.
• Cora.
• Protoderma uas lossi kho khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg dag saum toj no.
• Apical meristem, uas yog lub ntsiab cheeb tsam ntawm paus kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
• Puas ntau ilv ntaub tiv thaiv cov hauv paus hniav hau.
• Hauv cov hauv paus hniav positioned paub cov ntaub so ntswg: xylem thiab phloem.
• lawv raug tsim, ntsig txog, ntawm protofloemy thiab protoksilemy.
• Endodermis.

Protoksilema (ie, cov duab thawj zaug nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hlab ntsha) tshwm nyob rau lub heev sab saum toj ntawm tag nrho cov axial kabmob. Kev kawm ntawv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ncaj qha nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej ntawm meristem, uas yog qhov chaw uas lub hlwb puag ncig cov hlab ntsha mus ntxiv loj hlob sai heev thiab stretch. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txawm paub tab hlab ntsha protoksilemy tsis poob lawv muaj peev xwm mus ncab, vim hais tias lawv cov phab ntsa yog tsis tau undergone woodiness.

Feem ntau, cov conductive cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm flowering nroj tsuag xws foob raug thaum ntxov txaus, vim hais tias cov kav yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug txaus loj heev thiab lam tau lam ua paj.

Nco qab tias yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub solidification txheej txheem? Lignin. Thiab nws cia li tib yam yog tso nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub "teb" cov hlab ntsha los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kauv los yog nyob rau hauv lub annular kev taw qhia. Qhov no qhov teeb meem no tsis cuam tshuam nrog nws khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov hlab rub. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub lignin muab heev ib tug dlej zog ntawm cov tub ntxhais hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, uas yuav tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev puas tsuaj txhua yam kev txiav txim.

Uas yog vim li cas nws yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb cov kev cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Daim duab, uas yog muaj nyob rau ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm yuav pab koj to taub zoo dua no qhov teeb meem, raws li qhov tseeb qhia tau hais tias lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm lub hais tias ntaub.

Kev Kawm Ntawv metaxylem

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, tshiab cov hlab ntsha, uas yog raug rau npaum li cas lawm woodiness txheej txheem. Thaum kawg ntawm lawv tsim nyob rau hauv lub mature qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag, txoj kev loj hlob yog ua kom tiav metaxylem. Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum raug xam tias yog high-tsev kawm ntawv biology, cov qauv ntawm cov kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag? Class 5, yog feem ntau tsuas los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cog cov ntaub so ntswg nyob hlab ntsha. Ntxiv kev tshawb no yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev cob qhia kev pab cuam ntawm cov laus me nyuam kawm ntawv.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thawj cov hlab ntsha tsim los ntawm protoksilemy thawj stretch, thiab ces tag pov tseg. Paub tab tib yam ntxwv formations uas sawv ntawm metaxylem rau kev ncab thiab kev loj hlob yuav tsis nyob rau hauv tus. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog tuag lawm, nws tsis yeem thiab hollow hlab.

Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus xav txog qhov lom feasibility ntawm tus txheej txheem txaus nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia. Yog hais tias cov hlab ntsha yuav tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, lawv yuav tsum zoo heev mloog lub tsim ntawm lub surrounding ntaub so ntswg. Zoo li tracheids, vascular phab ntsa thooj yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no pab pawg (nyob ntawm seb lawv daim ntawv no):

• Annular.
• Muab Kauv.
• Ntaiv zoo.
• Mesh.
• Ntxeem tau.

Peb kos koj cov xim rau lub fact tias ntev thiab hollow hlab xylem uas muaj txaus txhua yam zog - zoo tagnrho system rau lub me nyuam ntawm cov dej thiab mineral ntsev dlaws tshaj ntev ncua kev. ntws nyob rau hauv lawv cov kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev hampered los ntawm cov dej poob thiab suab tsis muaj as-ham. Yuav ua li cas yog ib co lwm nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag? Biology (qib 6 nruab nrab lub tsev kawm ntawv) kuj xav tias lub sib nrig sib conductance Xylem phab ntsa. Cia peb piav qhia txog.

Yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv no hwm rau tracheids, xylem tso cai khiav dej los ntawm lub pores nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa. Txij li thaum lawv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov lignin, lawv muaj siab txhua yam dag lub zog, thiab yog li ntawd tsis deform, Ntxiv, zoo tsis muaj mob rhuav nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub lam kua. Txawm li cas los, peb twb tham txog lub zoo tshaj plaws tseem ceeb ntawm cov yus nta ntawm xylitol, ua tsaug rau uas cov ntoo ntawm ntau tsob ntoo hom yog yus muaj los ntawm siab zog thiab elasticity.

Nws muaj zog thiab ib txhij elastic xylem tshuav lawv lub zog ancient ships. Invisible tab sis muaj zog conductive cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag muab kev kuj ntev ntoo thuv Masts, uas tsis tshua tsoo txawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau tsausmuag los nag.

Conductive qauv phloem

Xav txog cov conductive khoom, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub phloem ntaub so ntswg.

Ua ntej, sab cib qauv. Khoom tsim tawm procambium yog laus nyob rau hauv cov thawj phloem. Nco ntsoov tias nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub puag ncig cov ntaub so ntswg protofloema sai sai stretched, thiab ces hnub ntawm nws lug thiab tag nres tau hauj lwm. Metafloema sau nws cov maturation tom qab (!) Ntawm yuav ua li cas cog kev loj hlob ceases.

lwm cov nta

Yog li ntawd dab tsi ntxiv yuav tsum paub cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag? Qib 7 theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum kawm, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm sab cib lug raws li zoo raws li lawv tus khub-hlwb. Cia peb sau tawm qhov teeb meem ib tug me ntsis ntau yam.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv qauv muaj feem SAB CIB lug. Firstly, lawv yog cov tsis tshua nyias cell phab ntsa, uas muaj xws li ib tug ntau ntawm cellulose thiab pectin. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas lawv yog xav reminiscent ntawm cov parenchyma hlwb. Tseem Ceeb! Tsis zoo li yav tas, thaum lub sij hawm maturation ntawm cov hlwb tuag tawm kiag nucleus thiab cytoplasm "shrinks", raug muab faib nyias txheej nyob rau hauv rau sab hauv sab ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias. Oddly txaus, tab sis lawv nyob twj ywm ciaj sia, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub cell-companions (zoo li hais tias ntawm neurons thiab astrocytes nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj).

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov conductive ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag Qib 6 feem ntau yog tsis yog, tab sis lawv yog pab tau paub. Yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sawv cev rau lub essence ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag lub cev.

Lub sab cib-hlab thiab luag hlwb

No. Theem sab cib qauv tsim integrally, yog zoo yam. Khub cell yog nws nyob rau hauv nws cytoplasm nws nws tsis tshua muaj neeg tuab, muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm mitochondria thiab ribosomes. Tej zaum koj yuav twv hais tias lawv muab hwj chim tsis tsuas yog ntawm lub "luag", tab sis kuj lub suab ya. Yog hais tias lub cell yog ib tug satellite rau ib co yog vim li cas tuag, tuag thiab rau tag nrho cov qauv, uas yog txuam nrog nws.

Sami sab cib hlab yog yooj yim distinguished los ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj nyob rau hauv sab cib daim hlau. Txawm tias thaum twg siv tsis muaj zog teeb tshuab kuaj kab mob lawv yuav muab tau yooj yim pom. Muaj yog nws nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tus tsim kev sib koom socket xaus ntawm lub ob feem. Nws yog ib zajlus kom hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog raws nraim lub chav kawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov feem.

Lub hom vascular bundles

Yog muaj tseem ib co yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub kev ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag? Biologists ntseeg hais tias cov no yog ib co yam ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov vascular bundles, uas peb piav.

hais tias lug yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov ntau dua cov nroj tsuag. Lawv yog ib cov hom ntawm cords, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov keeb kwm, cov tub ntxhais tua, thiab lwm qhov chaw, uas yog tas li loj hlob. Tus qauv ntawm cov bundles xws li cov hlab ntsha twb sib tham ua ntej lawm cov neeg kho tshuab cov nyiaj them yug ntsiab. Txhua yam ntxwv tsev muaj ob qhov chaw:

• Ntoo Division. Nws muaj vascular nruj thiab fibers.
• Bast site. Nws muaj sab cib qauv thiab bast fibers.

Heev feem ntau kab teeb nyob ib ncig ntawm tus tiv thaiv txheej, uas muaj nyob los yog tuag parenchymal hlwb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv, lawv muab faib ua ob hom:

• Tag nrho cov - muaj cov xylem thiab phloem.
• Uas ua tsis tiav - nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv muaj xws li tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.

Ib suam ntawm vascular bundles ntawm Lauj

Tam sim no, heev yog tus txheem kev faib ntau ntau uas faib lub vascular bundles nyob rau hauv cov nram no ntau ntau yam:

• Kaw, collateral hom.
• Kaw, bikollateralnoy hom.
• Concentric hom - nyob sab nraum lub xylem.
• Ib tug variation ntawm yav tas los saib, nyob rau hauv uas lub xylem - sab hauv.
• Radial kab teeb.

Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog yuav luag tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas koj yuav tsum paub nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm conductive fabrics nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm.