Qhov zoo tshaj plaws paintings los ntawm Durer. "Melancholia" los ntawm Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), German cov neeg pleev kob, graphic artist, ib tug muaj koob theorist of art, tau yug los nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tsev neeg ntawm Hungarian Albrehta Dyurera Sr. thiab Barbara Holper Germans. Cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Nuremberg yog nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Cov txiv, ib tug goldsmith, tus tub hluas sim qhia kev qhuab qhia kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub jeweller lub profession, tab sis tus hluas Albrecht xav ua ib tug artist. Thiab thaum Dürer yau tshaj yog 15 xyoo, nws raug xa mus rau lub rooj cob qhia uas nto moo Nuremberg neeg pleev kob Michael Wohlgemuth.

Tus thawj kauj ruam ntawm tus hluas artist

Albrecht muaj pov thawj ib tug txaus siab thiab muaj peev xwm kawm ntawv, nws nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm mastered rau lub yooj yim canons ntawm painting thiab sau ob peb me me paintings. Dürer paintings tau pom zoo los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Wohlgemuth, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tsim kom muaj paintings, kawm graphics. Nws prints, ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm woodcuts (engraving rau wood), siv nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Nuremberg Chronicle" Hartmann Schedel, ib tug German cartographer. Illustrations ua Wohlgemuth thiab nws cov tub kawm constituted qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov phau ntawv, uas mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab. Tus sau ntawm ib qho ntawm cov prints nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Dance uas tuag" yog Albrecht Dürer.

muaj tswv yim taug txoj kev mus

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj ib tug kev lig kev cai ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv mus ua si, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus apprentice paub nrog lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm kev ntxias los ntawm lwm cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws ua xws li ib tug taug kev mus thiab ib tug hluas neeg pleev kob Dürer. Nws mus txawv tebchaws ntawd kub ntev li plaub lub xyoos, los ntawm 1490 txog 1494-th. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub German lub zos ntawm cov artist Dürer, uas nws paintings twb zoo heev paub, kuj tau mus xyuas lub nroog nyob rau hauv Switzerland thiab lub Netherlands, mus nce invaluable kev los ntawm cov poj masters ntawm Flemish painting thiab Swiss kws txawj nyob rau hauv engraving. Pib nws cov lus, Dürer xav mus ntsib nrog tus artist Martin Schongauer, uas nws ntshai li tus txheej txheem ntawm zoo nyob rau hauv lub visual arts. Thaum Schongauer nyob rau hauv Colmar nyob thiab ua hauj lwm kev kos tooj liab. Txawm li cas los, lub rooj sib tham ntawm ob ntxias tsis muab qhov chaw, raws li Martin ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm Albrecht tuag.

Basle

Albrecht Dürer, paintings thiab engravings uas tau twb paub nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov kws txawj, tau ntsib nrog tus tij laug ntawm lub caij Martin Schongauer, Ludwig, uas kuj engraved rau tooj liab. Ludwig thiab Albrecht muab nws kev. Khoom vaj khoom tsev tooj liab engraving hniav nyiaj hniav kub yuav tsum tau kev txawj ntse, thiab lawv tau Durer, txij li thaum raws li ib tug tub hluas, nws siv li ob peb xyoo pab nyob rau hauv hniav nyiaj hniav kub yuav khoom nws tus txiv. Albrecht tsiv mus rau Basel, printing chaw. Nyob rau hauv Basel, nws nyob lwm ntawm Schongauer tij laug, Georg. Kev koom tes nrog lawv, Durer mastered rau tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm kev tsim ib phau ntawv ntawm ceev xwm txheej, thiab tom qab ib tug thaum pib tshwm nyob rau hauv cov duab, cov phau ntawv ntawm Basel nyob rau hauv lub tshiab, yav tas los tsis paub hais tias, style. Creativity Durer zoo tag nrho, nws ntse siv ib daim ntawv tshiab. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Nkoj ntawm Fools" los ntawm tus German satirist Sebastian Brant, muaj 75 ntawm nws nraaj illustrations. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv Basel Dürer tsim ib tug series ntawm kev kos rau ib phau ntawv ntawm comedies Publius Terence, lub Roman comedy. Basel Albrecht mus rau Strasbourg, qhov uas nws sau tau nws tus naas ej "Self-Portrait nrog thistle", uas yog xa mus rau tus nkauj nyab.

Rov qab mus rau Nuremberg

Nyob rau hauv Nuremberg Albreht Dyurer, paintings uas tau sau ua ntej lawm nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm German tsw, rov qab nyob rau hauv 1494 nrog ib tug lossis loj npaum li ntawm kev txawj ntse tau thaum lub sij hawm plaub lub xyoos ntawm wanderings los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Tsis ntev nws yuav Agnes Frey, respectable ntxhais, tus ntxhais ntawm Hansa Freya, host ib tug Rhiav tseeb xab seev. Sib yuav tau muab Albrecht lub sij hawm los mus pib lawv tus kheej ua lag ua luam. Txawm li cas los, nws nrhiav tau nws tus kheej Rhiav nyob rau hauv Nuremberg, nws tsuas nyob rau hauv 1495, vim hais tias ob lub hlis tom qab nws sib yuav mus rau Ltalis, qhov uas nws los ua ntsib nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Giovanni Bellini, ib tug neeg pleev kob ntawm lub Venetian tsev kawm ntawv, thiab Mantegna, so ntse thiab txhav style ntawm painting Padua. Ib txhia paintings los ntawm Dürer tau tom qab sau nyob rau hauv tib yam. Ib tug kos ntawm lub toj roob hauv pes ua cim, Dürer ua thaum lub sij hawm lub dawm mus rau Ltalis, tom qab ua kev kos.

ceev xwm txheej

Nyob rau nws rov qab los ntawm ltalis Albrecht Dürer qhib nws Rhiav thiab siv cov 10 xyoo tom ntej zus tau tej cov woodcuts thiab tooj liab. Kev sis koom teg lug txhawb cov miv Nuremberg-masters - Hans von Kulmbach thiab Hans Shoyfelinom, nkag Dürer engravings illustrating khoom ntawm Pindar, thiab Goltselya Koberger. Albrecht tej hauj lwm yog sib sib zog nqus thematic cim, lawv zoo yog nyob rau hauv ib tug siab artistic theem. Dürer mas suav hais tias ib tug kev tswv ntawm phau ntawv lus piv txwv. Nyob rau hauv 1498 lub publisher Koberger luam tawm hauv phau ntawv "Apocalypse", uas muaj xws li 15 woodcuts duab artist, xws li "Lub Plaub tug txivneej caij nees" thiab "sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Arhangela Mihaila rau tus zaj." Lub nrag "Apocalypse" Dürer yog suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Cov ntsiab lus uas koom siab ua ke 15 cov dab neeg mus rau hauv ib tug coherent tag nrho, twb brilliantly reflected cov artist. Txhua engraving raws li nws yog ib tug continuation ntawm yav tas los thiab precedes lub tom ntej no. Thiab ntau npaum li cas tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1514, lawv mysterious tooj liab engraving hu ua "Melancholia" yog tsim. Dürer pleev xim rau nws bored tug tim tswv, uas, thaj, yog tseem yus muaj los ntawm lub siab lub ntsws yaam puab paub.

painting

"Apocalypse" Albrecht Dürer coj thoob ntiaj teb lub koob meej, thiab "Melancholia" los ntawm Durer nkag mus hauv lub golden nyiaj ntawm fine arts. Lwm loj ua hauj lwm ntawm lub artist phau ntawv "Lub mob siab rau ntawm St. Brigid", uas muaj 30 engravings. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus ua hauj lwm rau lub illustrations ntawm niaj hnub phau ntawv, Dürer kuj tsim etchings rau tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient sau phau ntawv xws li Aristotle thiab Theophrastus, Aristophanes thiab Lucian. Txais graphics, Albrecht tsis tawm thiab painting, Durer tseg nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pej xeem. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1497-1499 nws portraits tau pleev xim rau: Albrehta Dyurera lub Txwj Laug, cov artist tus txiv, tus neeg xaiv tsa Frederick III ntawm Saxony, Oswald Krell, ib tug coj mus muag neeg sawv cev. Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau cov tawm hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub painting yog suav tias yog Durer painting "Lub adoration ntawm lub Magi." Tom ntej no los lub "Dresden Altarpiece" thiab "xya tu siab" - ib tug uas nws kim heev polyptych.

Venice

Nyob rau hauv 1505 Dürer mus rau Ltalis dua. Nyob rau hauv Venice, nws sau "Lub tsiab peb caug ntawm lub Rosary", tab sis cov duab tsis yog tsim rau cov tsoos canvas, thiab nyob rau lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib ntawm poplar, nrog ib tug saib kom muab nws nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm San Bartolomeo nyob ze ntawm lub German trading tsev Fondaco dei Tedeschi. Kom daim duab uas nto moo German tub txawj tub ntse. Tam sim no, "tsiab peb caug ntawm lub Rosary" nyob rau hauv lub National Gallery nyob rau hauv Prague. Lub era ntawm lub sij hawm cim los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm tus poj masters, Titian, Palma Vecchio, Giorgione. Txawm li cas los, Albrecht Durer gravitated rau creativity Dzhovanni Bellini, uas yog rau nws piv txwv inimitable xim. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws ua phooj ywg nrog lub Italian neeg pleev kob thiab nyob rau ntawm nws daim ntawv thov, sau ib tug ntawm nws Venetian paintings - "Madonna nrog Chizhik". Lwm ua hauj lwm tsim thaum lub sij hawm nws nyob hauv Venice, Dürer, "Tswv Yexus ntawm cov kws kho mob," tej zaum kuj tau muaj nplooj siab rau ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Albrecht.

Bologna

Txawm li cas los ntawm kev phooj ywg nrog Giovanni Bellini, Dürer yog ib tug respected thiab Revered txiv neej nyob rau hauv Venice. Lub City Council teem tawm mus ncua cov feemxyuam neeg pleev kob, nrog ib lub tswv yim rau nws 200 ducats li ib tug txhua xyoo ntxiv. Nws twb assumed tias Albrecht Dürer yuav koom nyob rau hauv lub nroog tej yaam num. Txawm li cas los, cov artist muaj tsis muaj kev pab them nqi rau sedentary lub neej, nws aspired rau cov kev txawj ntse ntawm ib yam dab tsi tshiab rau lawv tus kheej, thiab rau lub hom phiaj no nws yog tsim nyog los lossi mus. Tom qab ib tug thaum Dürer yog nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, qhov uas nws vam mus ntsib nrog tus huab tais Maximilian. Lub rooj sib tham yeej tsis coj qhov chaw, thiab Albrecht mus rau Bologna mus xyuas lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab ntsib nrog kws tshawb fawb. Nws yog xav nyob rau hauv lub zeem muag cov lus nug, kev kawm uas nws yuav tsum tau mus rau ntau nraaj tsim lawv paintings. Pej nrog rau cov mathematician Luca Pacioli, thiab ces ib tug ntev sib tham nrog tus kws kes duab vajtse Donato Bramante tuaj koom lub khw ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov artist, thiab paintings los ntawm Dürer ua ntau grandiose.