Pib printing

Tus invention ntawm luam ntawv, undoubtedly vim lub creation ntawm lub printing xovxwm. Qhov kev tshwm sim yog suav tias yog revolutionary nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv ua lag ua luam. Start printing muab ib tug zoo kawg li impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Qhov no yog vim tus ceev kis ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse, kopivsheysya centuries ntawm kev cai tsim yaam tshab. Cov lub ntiaj teb no tus pej xeem tau nce sharply nqhis dej rau kev nyeem ntawv, uas pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm lub cult.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias invention yog tsis luam xovxwm tshwm sim yog txawj. Tag nrho nws cov ntsiab yog tsim maj. Thaum sib txawv lub sij hawm lub functionality ntawm lub tshuab yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog leej twg pib lub printing. Cov zaj dab neeg qhia txog cov thawj thwmsim ntawm phau ntawv ua lag ua luam nyob rau hauv Kauslim, Mongolia, Nyiv, Tuam Tshoj, twb nyob rau hauv 10-11 centuries. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, tiag tiag los ntawm cov phau ntawv, thiaj li muaj ntau lub sij hawm piav, mus txog rau tam sim no tsis tau mus txog. Nws yog yog li ntawd yog tias lub pib ntawm printing yog chiv los ntawm Johannes Gutenberg (1399-1468). Los ntawm combining txawv technologies, ces uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv lub ntau lawm, nws invented lub zoo meej rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntawv qhia hauv phau ntawv. Firstly, Guttenberg los ua tus tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab font. Es tsis txhob ib tug neeg cim tau thov nyob rau hauv daim iav duab nrum hlau tuag. Lawv yog loaded rau lub tooj liab phaj, ua si nraum zoov twb tau sau nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb hlau, uas muaj antimony, hlau thiab tin. Yog li, nws twb tau mus pwm cov lus thiab cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv tej.

Guttenberg nyob rau hauv 1450 pib luam tawm rau tag nrho cov version ntawm phau Vajlugkub (cov thawj nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe). Ntawm 1452 m thiab 1454-m (raws li qhov chaw sib txawv) nws muaj peev xwm los sau ib tug 42-line tsab. Phau Vajlugkub yog li ntawd hu ua vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv txhua nplooj ntawv (tag nrho cov nplooj ntawv yog nyob rau hauv 1282) muaj 42 kab nyob rau hauv txhua ob.

Tub ntxhais kawm ntawv Gutenberg (Pannartst thiab Svengeym) pib circulate invention publishing technology nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Yog li, thaum pib ntawm printing contributed rau cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab ceg ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab ntau lawm nyob rau tib lub sij hawm - lub printing kev lag luam. Vim lub fact tias lub tswvyim ntawm "publishing" yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv thaum lub sij hawm, lam xav ib tug tshiab tshwj xeeb ua lag ua luam xaav kiag li, nrog rau cov muag khoom ntawm cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub khw nyob rau printing presses.

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub publishing kev lag luam nyob rau hauv 1500 yog suav tias yog ib thaj av. Thaum no tus taw tes, cov phau ntawv ntau lawm tau ua ntau, dua li cov es nqi. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm luam ua ntej 1500 ntawv hu ua "incunabula" - ua nyob rau hauv lub "menyuam txaj" ntawm phau ntawv, tso tawm tom qab xyoo no, peb tau txais lub npe "palaeotypes" - "phau ntawv qub."

Pib luam nyob rau hauv Russia hnub rov qab mus rau 1550 xyoo. Thaum tus tswv xeev yog Ivan Grozny, uas muaj ib tug tseem ceeb pab txhawb nqa rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm typography. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, cov thawj phau ntawv raug tso tawm, "anonymous" (tsis muaj cov qhov tso zis tej ntaub ntawv). Yog li ntawd, keeb kwm yog tsis sau tseg cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv thawj printing.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Ivan Fedorov los ua tus thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Tso tawm rau lawv, "Apostle," Lub peb hlis ntuj 1, 1564 tau los ua ib tug qauv ntawm cov luam ntawv kos duab rau ntawm lub sij hawm. Phau ntawv no yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv cov auspices thiab nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm Metropolitan Macarius. Cov ntawv yog ib tug classic txhais ntawm Christian qhia followers ntawm Tswv Yexus. Nws tsim ib phau ntawv rau kev cai dab qhuas cov nuj nqis.

Nyob rau hauv 1565, Fedorov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nrog pab Petrom Mstislavtsem tso ua ntau nrov phau ntawv "Breviary." Yog li, nws yog tus pib ntawm Lavxias teb sab typography. Followers Fedorov tom qab tso tawm "Phau Ntawv Nkauj." Nyob rau hauv kev B16 xyoo pua kaum cuaj phau ntawv raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub Moscow printing tsev. Tom qab, lub xeev publishing tsev tau tau txhab. Nws pib mus ua hauj lwm proofreaders, editors thiab lwm cov tub txawg.