Organic teeb meem yog ... Organic teeb meem yog ... Organic Science News for KIDS

Ib qho khoom ua kua yog ib hom tshuaj uas muaj cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Cov kev zam tsuas yog carbonic acid, carbides, carbonates, cyanides thiab carbon oxides.

Keeb kwm

Lub sij hawm "organic tshuaj" tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nyob rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chemistry. Lub sij hawm ntawd, lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb heev yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog ib qho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Aristotle thiab Pliny. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg txawj ntse tau nrawm nrawm dhau lub ntiaj teb mus rau hauv lub neej thiab tsis muaj sia. Tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov tshuaj tsis tau tshwj xeeb raug muab faib ua cov mineral thiab cov organic. Nws tau ntseeg tias tshwj xeeb "quab yuam" tau tsim los ua ke los ua ke ntawm cov khoom "nyob". Nws yog qhov tsim nyog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nyob quavntsej, thiab yog tsis muaj nws cov organic ntsiab tsis tau tsim.

Tsab ntawv no, tsis txaus ntseeg rau niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb, prevailed rau ib lub sij hawm ntev heev, txog thaum xyoo 1828 Friedrich Wöhler xyaum ua nws cov lus. Nws tau txais cov organic urea los ntawm inorganic ammonium cyanate. Cov ntawv thom khwm no raug xa mus. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev faib khoom rau hauv cov organic thiab cov khoom uas tsis muaj kab mob tau nyob hauv qhov teeb meem tam sim no. Nws nyob hauv qab qhov kev faib tawm. Yuav luag txog 27 lab lub tebchaw organic.

Vim li cas thiaj muaj cov organic ntau tebchaw?

Organic teeb meem yog, nrog rau qee qhov kev zam, ib cov pa tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib qho yooj yim heev caij. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide tau daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm nws qhov atoms. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv yog qhov ruaj khov.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pa roj carbon dioxide nyob hauv cov organic khoom pov thawj - IV. Los ntawm no nws ua raws li hais tias qhov no yog ua tau daim ntawv nrog rau lwm yam kev sib txuas tsis yog tib leeg xwb, tab sis kuj yog ob chav thiab triple. Raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm ntau ntxiv, cov saw hlau uas muaj cov txheej txheem nyob hauv tsev yuav ua luv luv. Tib lub sijhawm, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev sib txuas lus tsuas nce.

Kuj, cov pa roj carbon monoxide muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov txheej txheem ncaj nraim, linear thiab volumetric. Tias yog vim li cas thiaj muaj ntau ntau yam organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg

Raws li tau teev los saum toj no, organic teeb meem yog ib cov pa roj carbon. Thiab qhov no tseem ceeb heev. Organic tebchaw muaj nyob rau hauv nws kev twb kev txuas nrog rau yuav luag txhua lub caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lawv cov composition (ntxiv rau carbon) muaj oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen thiab phosphorus. Cov seem ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb dua.

Cov khoom

Yog li, organic teeb meem yog cov pa tshuaj. Hauv qhov no, muaj ob peb yam tseem ceeb uas nws yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm. Tag nrho cov tshuaj ntawm cov keeb kwm muaj organic ntau:

1. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm atoms inevitably ua rau cov tsos ntawm isomers. Thawj zaug ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv yog tsim los ntawm lub ua ke ntawm carbon molecules. Isomers yog txawv cov khoom muaj ib qho nyhav thiab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tiam sis nyias muaj nyias lub cev. Qhov tshwm sim no yog hu ua isomerism.

2. Lwm qhov qauv yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm homology. Qhov no series ntawm cov organic tebchaw, nyob rau hauv uas lub mis nyob sib ze yam txawv los ntawm lub yav dhau los ib pab pawg neeg CH _2. Qhov cuab yeej tseem ceeb no yog siv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.

Dab tsi yog cov kev kawm ntawm cov organic?

Mus organic sib xyaw nrog ntau chav kawm. Lawv paub txhua tus. Nws cov nqaijrog, lipids thiab carbohydrates. Cov pawg no tuaj yeem raug hu ua biological polymers. Lawv koom rau hauv cov metabolism hauv cellular qib hauv cov kabmob. Kuj tau muaj nyob hauv pawg no yog cov nucleic acids. Yog li ntawd peb muaj peev xwm hais tias cov organic teeb meem yog dab tsi peb haus txhua hnub, dab tsi peb ua los ntawm.

Proteins

Proteins muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom - amino acids. Lawv yog lawv cov monomers. Proteins tseem hu ua cov proteins. Txog 200 hom kab mob amino acids paub. Tag nrho lawv pom muaj sia nyob. Tab sis tsuas yog nees nkaum ntawm lawv yog cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov nqaijrog. Lawv hu ua theem pib. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, koj tseem yuav pom cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj neeg - proteinogenic thiab dawb-ua cov amino acids. Cov mis ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tshuaj uas muaj amine (-NH _2), carboxyl (-COOH) Cheebtsam. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv txhua tus muaj kev cob cog los ntawm tib daim ntawv cog lus carbon.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nqaijrog

Proteins nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj ua ntau yam tseem ceeb functions. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb yog tus qauv. Proteins yog cov khoom loj ntawm lub cell membrane thiab lub cim ntawm cov kabmob hauv cov hlwb. Hauv peb lub cev, tag nrho cov phab ntsa hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov leeg thiab cov hlab ntsha, cov leeg thiab pob txha mos, cov ntsia hlau thiab cov plaub hau tuaj yeem ua cov protein ntau.

Cov dej num txuas ntxiv yog qhov muaj zog. Proteins ua raws li cov enzymes. Lawv ua rau lub cev tsis haum ntawm lub cev. Lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom noj haus hauv cov hnyuv. Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov khoom noj kho qhov chaw ntawm cov pa thaum thaij duab.

Ib txhia hom ntawm cov nqaijrog yog pauv mus rau ib tug kab mob sib txawv tshuaj, xws li oxygen. Organic teeb meem kuj muaj peev xwm sawv kev koom nrog lawv. Qhov no yog li cas cov kev ua haujlwm thauj khoom yog ua tiav. Proteins nqa hlau ions, fatty acids, hormones thiab, ntawm chav kawm, carbon dioxide thiab hemoglobin raws li cov hlab ntsha. Kev thauj muaj tshwm sim nyob rau theem kev sib tshuam.

Protein compounds - immunoglobulins - yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Cov no yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntshav. Piv txwv, thrombin thiab fibrinogen tau khwb khuav kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm coagulation. Yog li, lawv tiv thaiv cov ntshav loj.

Proteins muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua tiav ntawm qhov kev ua cov contractile. Vim lub fact tias myosin thiab actin protofibrils lossi ua swb taw ib ntu sib txheeb, nws muaj kev txo qis ntawm cov nqaij fibers. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kab mob unicellular, zoo sib xws tshwm sim. Qhov txav ntawm flagella ntawm cov kab mob no kuj yog ncaj qha ntsig txog lub slippage ntawm microtubules, uas yog ntawm cov khoom noj muaj protein.

Oxidation ntawm cov organic khoom tso tawm ntau ntau zog. Tab sis, raws li txoj cai, cov proteins uas siv rau cov kev xav tau tsis tshua muaj zog. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum tag nrho cov khoom lag luam raug tso tseg. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov zoo haum lipids thiab carbohydrates. Yog li no, proteins yuav ua tau lub zog muaj nuj nqi, tab sis tsuas yog hauv qee yam kev mob.

Lipids

Ib yam khoom ua tau yog ib yam khoom zoo li roj. Lipids yog mus rau qhov sim biological molecules. Lawv tsis muaj dej nyob hauv dej, tab sis lawv tawg ua rau cov kev daws teeb meem, xws li roj av, ether thiab chloroform. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov nyob hauv hlwb. Sib, lipids - yog esters ntawm alcohols thiab carboxylic acids. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov rog. Nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, cov tshuaj ua ntau yam tseem ceeb functions. Ntau lub lipids yog siv hauv tshuaj thiab kev lag luam.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lipids

Cov organic tshuaj no ua ke nrog cov nqaijrog hauv hlwb tsim cov ntawv lom kabmob. Tiam sis lawv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog lub zog. Thaum oxidizing roj molecules, ib qho loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog tso tawm. Nws mus rau kev kawm hauv ATP hlwb. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lipids nyob rau hauv lub cev tuaj yeem tsim ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob reserves. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tseem muaj ntau tshaj qhov tsim nyog rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub neej qub. Nrog txoj kev hloov hauv cov metabolism ntawm "rog" hlwb loj tuaj. Txawm hais tias kev rau txim rau kev ncaj ncees nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias xws li ntau reserves yog tsuas yog tsim nyog rau cov tsiaj uas hibernating, thiab rau cov nroj tsuag. Muaj coob tus ntseeg tias cov ntoo thiab cov nroj tsuag nyob rau lub caij txias thaum pub rau av. Qhov tseeb, lawv siv cov khoom siv roj thiab cov rog uas lawv tau ua thaum lub caij ntuj sov.

Hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, Sibhawm tseem tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Lawv tso rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob xws li lub raum thiab cov hnyuv. Yog li, lawv ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv txhua yam kev puas tsuaj, uas yog, cuam tshuam.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov rog muaj tsawg theem ntawm thermal conductivity, uas yuav pab kom cov cua sov. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb yog hauv cov huab cua txias. Hauv cov tsiaj marine, lub subcutaneous rog txheej tseem contributes zoo ntab. Tab sis, nyob rau hauv cov noog, lipids kuj ua dej-pleev cov tshuaj thiab lubricating zog. Caj npog lawv feathers thiab ua rau lawv ntau elastic. Tib cov quav hniav muaj nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawm ib co tsiaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Carbohydrates

Formula organic tshuaj C _n (H ₂ O) _m qhia ib tug compound teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm carbohydrates. Lub npe ntawm cov lwg me muaj qhov qhia tias lawv muaj oxygen thiab hydrogen nyob rau tib qhov dej. Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj no, piv txwv li, nitrogen tuaj yeem tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv cov compounds.

Carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub cell yog lub ntsiab pawg ntawm cov organic sib txuas. Cov no yog cov thawj cov khoom ntawm lub photosynthesis txheej txheem. Lawv kuj yog cov khoom pib ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov nroj tsuag ntawm lwm yam tshuaj, piv txwv li, dej cawv, organic acids thiab amino acids. Tsis tas li ntawd, carbohydrates yog ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov hlwb pob txha. Lawv pom muaj cov ntsiab ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov protozoa. Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib qho tsiaj cage lawv yog los ntawm 1 mus rau 2%, thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub nroj ntawm lawv cov ntau yuav ncav cuag 90%.

Txog hnub tim, tsuas muaj peb pawg ntawm carbohydrates:

- yooj yim suab thaj (monosaccharides);

- oligosaccharides uas muaj ntau hom khoom xyaw ntawm consecutively koom yooj yim suab thaj;

- polysaccharides, lawv muaj ntau tshaj 10 molecules ntawm monosaccharides thiab lawv cov derivatives.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates

Tag nrho cov organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cell ua tej yam hauj lwm. Piv txwv, qabzib yog lub zog qhov tseemceeb. Nws yog phua rau hauv hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tes respiration. Glycogen thiab hmoov nplej siab ua rau lub zog loj cia, nrog thawj cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, thiab qhov thib ob hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Carbohydrates ua tus yam ntxwv ua. Cellulose yog lub ntsiab feem ntawm cell phab ntsa ntawm nroj tsuag. Thiab nyob rau hauv arthropods chitin tsis zoo li qub. Nws kuj muaj nyob rau hauv hlwb uas siab dua fungi. Yog tias peb yog ib qho piv txwv oligosaccharides, lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov cytoplasmic membrane - hauv daim ntawv ntawm glycolipids thiab glycoproteins. Kuj tseem nyob hauv hlwb, glycocalyx feem ntau pom. Pentoses muaj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm nucleic acids. Hauv no deoxyribose yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab tsim kev DNA, thiab ribose - hauv RNA. Cov khoom no kuj muaj nyob hauv coenzymes, piv txwv li, hauv FAD, NADPH thiab NAD.

Carbohydrates kuj muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv nyob hauv lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, cov tshuaj heparin nquag thaiv cov ntshav sai sai. Nws yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm siv ntaub so ntswg thiab thaiv cov hlab ntsha hauv cov hlab ntsha. Tus kab mob Heparin muaj nyob rau hauv cov lej loj heev hauv cov hlwb pob txha hauv granules.

Nucleic Acids

Proteins, carbohydrates thiab lipids tsis yog txhua hom kev paub txog cov organic. Chemistry muaj xws li nucleic acids. Cov no yog phosphorus-muaj biopolymers. Lawv, ua nyob rau hauv lub cell cell thiab cytoplasm ntawm tag nrho cov nyob quavntsej, xyuas kom hloov thiab cia cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj ntsuam. Cov tshuaj no tau nrhiav tau los ntawm kev sib tw rau Biochemist F. Misher, uas tau kawm txog cov kabmob salmon spermatozoa. Nws yog "kev yuam kev" nrhiav tau. Ib me ntsis tom qab RNA thiab DNA tau pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Nucleic acids kuj raug cais nyob rau hauv lub hlwb cov kab mob hu ua fungi thiab kab mob, nrog rau cov kab mob.

Hauv tas nrho, ob hom nucleic acids - ribonucleic (RNA) thiab deoxyribonucleic (DNA) - tau pom nyob hauv cov xwm txheej. Qhov txawv yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub npe. Tus qauv ntawm DNA muaj xws li deoxyribose - tsib-carbon qab zib. Ribose nyob hauv RNA molecule.

Txoj kev tshawb ntawm nucleic acids deals nrog cov organic chemistry. Cov ntsiab lus rau kev tshawb fawb kuj tau hais los ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov DNA cim cia nkaum ntau ntau ntawm cov kab mob caj dab, uas cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau paub.