Synchrony - nws ... synchronic thiab diachronic linguistics nyob rau hauv

Linguistics - yog tsis yog ib tug yooj yim science. Nws nkawd hais tias mus kawm ib hom lus yog tsis tau kom txog rau thaum kawg, tab sis tseem muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov tub txawg muaj rau ntau centuries ua rau lw lub ncauj ke ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, los tsim ib co regularities, qhia hais tias tus yam rau qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv nws. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm ntau soj ntsuam ntawm feem ntau ces yuav tsum lub sij hawm "diachrony thiab synchrony", uas faib txoj kev tshawb no mus rau hauv ob yam lus. Yuav ua li cas cov lus dag qab cov lus thiab vim li cas lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev tshawb xav lug?

pib piav qhia

Synchronic thiab diachronic lus txog mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, cov lus yog to taub raws li ib tug zoo li qub system, thiab tus kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb lug yog nws xeev thaum twg muab lub sij hawm ntawd.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm diachronic cov evolution ntawm lus, tag nrho nws cov los yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov theem zuj zus, tom qab uas cov lus no muaj nqis nyob rau hauv nws cov tam sim no qhov teeb meem. Yog hais tias koj kos ib thaum uas tig mus nrog tus ua hauj lwm ntawm I. A. Boduena de Courtenay, Polish linguist ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, peb yuav pom tias lub synchronic thiab diachronic - nws yog tib yam li statics thiab puab, ntsig txog.

Ferdinand de Saussure thiab nws kev tshawb xav

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm qhia cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv kev kawm yam lus Swiss Ferdinand de Saussure. Synchronic thiab diachronic, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog inseparable: nws - yog ob lub sij hawm thiab evolution, nws yog active nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm cov khoom uas yav tag los. Saussure hais tias diachrony - yog ib tug evolutionary series nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau ib lub sij hawm koj yuav pom tsuas yog ib theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Lub totality ntawm tag nrho cov theem ntawm ib tug ntev txoj kev uas yuav qhia tau tias cov kev hloov uas yuav tsum tau dhau cov lus ua ntej nws mus txog rau nws tam sim no lub xeev.

Ib tug synchronicity - ib tug series ntawm simultaneous sib xyaw theem, uas yog, muaj yog tsis muaj txoj kev loj hlob thiab cov nyhuv ntawm lub sij hawm, muaj tsuas yog lub xeev hom lus thaum lub caij.

Tus tshiab teb lug

Nws tseem yog cov ua hauj lwm Saussure kev taw qhia ntawm ob tug tshiab qhov chaw ntawm lug, uas kawm cov synchronic thiab diachronic linguistics nyob rau hauv. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv synchronic lug, lub ua kom pom tseeb yog nyob rau kev sib txuas lus hais ntawm cov lus, uas yog, rau tag nrho cov system raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub synchrony yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub xaav ntawm cov lus tag nrho nws cov xov xwm, nws txais ntawm lub collective nco qab.

Nrog kev xav txog cov diachronic lug, nws ua hauj lwm nrog cov tib yam, tab sis txiav txim siab rau lawv li qhia siv kuj, tsis muaj kev xav txog yuav ua li cas lawv yog ntaus nqi los ntawm cov collective nco qab. lus ntsiab raws li txhua lwm yam thiab yog tsis system - uas yog lub ntsiab tswv yim sib cav ntawm diachronic linguistics.

Qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau lub synchrony thiab diachrony

Synchrony - txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntsiab tsuas yog ib yam lus, es tsis txau rau lub teeb, txawm yog hais tias nws yog hais txog hom lus nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Diachrony kuj ua hauj lwm nrog ntau yam lus nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, muab piv rau cov evolution ntawm lawv cov ntsiab. Ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tus kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb synchronic linguistics tau txais tsuas yog los ntawm cov kev kawm, ntawm uas tus hais lus sis, whereas diachronic yuam kom soj ntsuam thiab yav dhau los, thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account lub tam sim no txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus - uas yog, nws yog xav ntau yam tshaj synchronic.

Yuav ua li cas yog vim li cas?

Synchronic thiab diachronic linguistics los txheeb kuj mus rau lub kev seem ntawm nws. Statics, piv txwv li synchronic lug, ua hauj lwm nrog cov kev sau ntawv - hais tias nws siab qhia lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm cov lus. Nyias, yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias synchrony yog inclined mus piv rau lub zwj ceeb cov ntaub ntawv, txwv tsis pub tus system ntawm cov lus thiab yuav tsis hloov.

Diachronic linguistics kuj tsom rua kev phonetics, vim hais tias cov suab yeej tsis tsau nyob rau hauv ib tug mob: lub sij hawm yog inseparably kev cob cog rua nrog lub zam tiam sis thiab tseeb, lossi ua kev kho me ntsis rau cov hais. Uas yog vim li cas lawv yog cov tseem ceeb yam khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb lug dynamic.

Ua ke los yog nyias?

Saussure, uas qhia lub tswvyim lug, synchrony thiab diachrony, nyuab siab tias nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub lawv yuav tsis tau drained, vim hais tias cov sib nrauj lug yog opposite rau txhua lwm yam. Tab sis nws pom zoo nrog rau qhov tseeb hais tias linguists feem ntau cia siab rau synchronic lug, yog muaj peev xwm muab cov lus teb rau cov lus nug ntau cov lus, thaum kawm ib yam lus hais lus - cia li reminiscing cuab tam, tau nthuav cov evolution ntawm disparate yam, ib co kev uas yog tsis ib txwm siv rau xaav.

Yog, zoo li qub mus tsim ib hom lus npaum li cas-uas yuav tsum tau tshuav nyiaj li cas, tab sis tsis muaj diachrony yuav tsis yooj yim sua nws ntxiv evolution.

Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm synchrony thiab diachrony

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm peb tsis tau hais tias synchrony - tsuas yog ib tug rog xav txog ntawm qhov tam sim no lub xeev ntawm cov lus. Synchronic linguistics yuav qhia hauv lub xeev ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, thiab 16 - nyob rau hauv txhua lub sij hawm luv. Los ntawm txoj kev, siv cov seem ntawm synchrony yuav tsum havzoov thiab lus txoj kev loj hlob: nyob rau hauv ib nqe lus yuav tshwm sim hais tias tom qab ploj los yog mutate (piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm lub neej tshiab nimno Lavxias teb sab lus tau tshem ntawm cov cim suab, hloov cov hais ib co tsiaj ntawv ob peb ua ke, mas yuav kis tau qeb thiab animation ntawm tswg). Nws yog los ntawm cov "tsis muaj zog", thiab lub nce mus nce los caij yog tau mus kawm ntawv rau hauv lub evolution ntawm lus, uas yog, nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm nws diachronic nam.

Synchronic thiab diachronic Kwv

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau zaus twb hais, synchronic thiab diachronic nyob rau hauv cov lus yog sib xyaw. Kuj tsis paub meej cov ntsiab ntawm nws ua evolution, thaum lub sij hawm ruaj khov feem muab cia rau hauv lub synchronic seem, txoj kev ua rau tus cwj pwm ntawm cov lus, tsim dab tsi distinguishes nws los ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam dialects txawm hais txog tsev neeg. Synchronic thiab diachronic nyob rau hauv kev kawm yam lus xwb Nkij los txuam rau txhua lwm yam, uas, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tus tsom xam ntawm cov evolution ntawm lus thiab xav tias cov views ntawm nws cov synchronic slices ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob, twv seb nws yav tom ntej tus cwj pwm: xaiv tus tshiab "tsis muaj zog" mus, uas yuav sai sai no yuav raug reconsideration, thiab ntau muaj zog sau dab tsi twb dhau ob peb theem ntawm cov lus evolution. Rau no dynamic linguistics yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb cov xim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tus neeg hais, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov system.

Ib txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus: Limbo

Tam sim no hais tias peb twb paub lub tswvyim ntawm synchrony thiab diachrony, sim mus tshawb tag nrho cov ntawm peb ze rau lub Lavxias teb sab lus los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm cov ob yam lug. Ua ntej, lub sib cav tswv yim hais txog dab tsi pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lus belongs rau lub Lavxias teb sab, nqa tawm rau ib ntev lub sij hawm: ib tug neeg hais tias nws yog ib yam uas cov Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg (tab sis, ces rau hauv xov xwm Lavxias teb sab yuav tsum to taub thiab lus ntawm Scandinavia, uas, Tu siab, lawv yog tsis muaj) lwm leej lwm tus taw tes kom paub tias nws tsis yog tsis muaj cawv Tatar (ntawm no yog tib zaj dab neeg raws li nrog lub Scandinavians - lub Tatar lus uas niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab xov xwm kuj tsis zoo li kom to taub).

Nrog rau cov sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm Christianity nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws muaj ib tug thawj seem ntawm synchronic lus: nyob rau hauv lub lub suab hais lus ntawm Ancient Rus tshwm blotches lub tsev teev ntuj-phau ntawv ntawm Qub Koom Txoos, uas tseem tseem nyob alien rau feem ntau ntawm cov zoo tib yam cov pej xeem.

Qhov thib ob daim: ib lub qhov rais rau teb chaws Europe

Cov tom ntej no synchronic txiav kab ua lub 17th thiab 18th centuries. Yog, nws yog heev deb los ntawm tus thawj, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib ob peb centuries nyob rau hauv Russia, uas tau keeb kwm tau ib tug ncaj kaw lub xeev, cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lus heev me ntsis tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, Peter thawj, txiav los ntawm ib lub qhov rais rau teb chaws Europe, yog siv nyob rau hauv lawv haiv neeg cov lus borrowed ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm cov nqe lus, thiab cia li lus ntawm txawv teb chaws tuaj.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm no nrog txhua tshiab huab tais ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog ua ntau thiab ntau txawv teb chaws lub tswv yim, ntxiv tshiab lexical turnovers, designs, zam ib co ntawm nws cov lug (piv txwv li, lub sij hawm, raug ntiab tawm thiaj li hu ua vocative, yog tseem fwm nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian thiab Polish: .. Mamo, tus kwv tij, thiab lwm yam), hloov nws phonetic qauv (yog hais tias peb los sib piv Lavxias teb sab lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nrog nws tus thawj synchronic txiav, nws yuav tsum pom tias ib nrab ntawm cov thawj cim suab tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov lus mus piv nws, tau ntxiv, los ntawm txoj kev, ua ke nrog cov tsiaj ntawv suab).

Synchronic hlais cov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus

Synchrony - ib tug ua qauv qhia ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm diachronic lus txoj kev loj hlob. Yog hais tias peb los sib piv cov thib ob synchronic hlais cov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab, nws yuav pom tseeb hais tias cov lus ntawm lub xeem ob peb centuries, txawm ntau yooj yim zog. Tsaug rau Petus, muaj yog thawj general qauv sau ntawv uas muaj yuav tsum tau cov kev cai rau tag nrho cov. Niaj hnub no muaj yog ib tug qauv rau ib tug saib kev cov kev cai muaj feem xyuam rau lub fact tias ib txhia muaj tej zaum yuav tsis siab txawj nyob rau hauv cov lus. Yog, muaj archaisms, ib co lug thiab cov nqe lus uas yog tiag tiag nyuaj los piav, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntshai cov kev kub ntxhov ntawm tus hais lus, nws yuam evolution, tsis hloov mus rau lub tsev hais plaub. Rau hnub tim, lub diachronic tsom qhia tau hais tias tseem rau siab txais txawv teb chaws tej lus, lawv yuav maj mam hloov cov hnub nyoog-laus Lavxias teb sab, tom qab ib tug thaum pib kom ploj ib txhia historic momentum, muab txoj kev uas yuav globalized yooj yim zog.

xaus

Yog li ntawd peb tam sim no paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm "synchronicity", peb to taub qhov txawv ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv qhib nrog nws diachrony. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tsis yog peb to taub lub theorist ntawm cov tswv yim, tab sis kuj ua ib tug me me soj ntsuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Hopefully, cov complex cov ntsiab lus uas tau los ua ib tug me ntsis los ze zog thiab dlaim phaj.