Tshuaj cov khoom ntawm alkaline av hlau. Daim ntawv thov ntawm alkaline av co. Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm alkaline av co

Xav txog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm alkaline earth hlau. Txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv tus qauv, kev tshaaj, kev tshawb nrhiav, xwm txheej.

Txoj hauj lwm hauv PS

Txhais tau cov pib qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj ntawm Mendeleev. Lawv nyob rau hauv ob pab pawg neeg ntawm lub ntsiab subgroup. Lawv muaj calcium, strontium, radium, barium, magnesium, beryllium. Tag nrho lawv ntawm sab nraud zog muaj ob qho kev pom zoo electrons. Feem ntau, beryllium, magnesium thiab alkaline earth hlau muaj ns2 electrons nyob sab nraud. Hauv kev sib txuas tshuaj tshuaj, lawv muaj cov xeev oxidation ntawm +2. Thaum muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov tshuaj, lawv tuaj yeem thaj yeeb, muab cov electron tawm ntawm sab nraud zog.

Kho cov khoom

Nrog ua tub ntxhais beryllium atom, magnesium thiab alkaline ntiaj teb co txhim khu lawv nws yog xim hlau zog, vim yog ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm lawv atoms. Cia peb xav txog lub zog ntawm lub cev alkaline hlau. Beryllium nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev li ib txwm yog ib qho xim ntawm grey xim nrog ib lub lauj kaub hlau. Nws muaj qhov sib xyaw siv hws khov khov. Thaum hu rau atmospheric oxygen, beryllium tam sim ntawd tsim ib zaj duab xis oxide, vim tias nws cov tshuaj ua kom tsawg, lub matt txheej yog tsim.

Lub cev lub cev

Magnesium ua ib yam khoom yooj yim yog ib qho dawb hlau uas ua rau oxide txheej saum huab cua. Nws muaj ib pob qij txha taub hau.

Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm alkaline av hlau ntawm calcium, barium, strontium yog zoo sib xws. Lawv yog cov hlau uas muaj cov yeeb yam silvery sheen, uas tau them nrog cov xim daj daj nyob hauv tus cawv ntawm cov pa oxygen. Nyob hauv calcium thiab strontium, lub cubic ntsej muag-lub ntsej muag qis, barium muaj ib lub cev-centered qauv.

Chemistry ntawm alkaline lub ntiaj teb hlau yog raws li qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj ib tug xim hlau ua cim ntawm daim ntawv cog lus. Tias yog vim li cas lawv thiaj txawv ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cov hluav taws xob kub. Cov kub ntawm lawv lub melting thiab boiling yog ntau tshaj cov neeg ntawm alkali hlau.

Txoj kev nrhiav tau

Kev tsim tawm ntawm beryllium nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yog ua los ntawm kev txo cov hlau ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride. Tus mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog lub hauv ntej.

Muab hais tias lub ntiaj teb alkaline metals nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw, rau ntau lawm magnesium, strontium, calcium electrolysis ntawm melts ntawm lawv cov ntsev.

Tshuaj lom neeg

Cov tshuaj ntawm cov khoom alkaline hauv lub ntiaj teb yog txuam nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntej tshem tawm ntawm cov zaj duab xis oxide ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Nws yog nws leej twg pom lub inertness ntawm cov hlau rau dej. Calcium, barium, strontium thaum dissolution nyob rau hauv dej daim ntawv hydroxides, uas tau hais tau yooj yim zog.

Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm alkaline hauv lub ntiaj teb qhia txog kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov pa oxygen. Rau hauv barium cov khoom ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo yog peroxide, rau tag nrho cov so tom qab cov tshuaj oxides raug tsim. Hauv tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no oxides muaj cov khoom yooj yim, tsuas yog rau cov kab mob oxide amphoteric yog cov cwj pwm.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm alkaline lub ntiaj teb co kuj tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog leej faj, halogens, thiab nitrogen. Hauv kev tshua nrog cov acids, cov kev tawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog pom. Vim tias beryllium yog hais txog amphoteric hais, nws muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog alkali daws.

Cov kev xav zoo

Qhov yooj yim qauv ntawm alkaline lub ntiaj teb hlau pom nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm inorganic chemistry yog txuam nrog salts. Yog xav paub txog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no hauv kev sib tov nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus, koj tuaj yeem siv qhov kev txhais tau zoo. Thaum cov kua txiv alkaline hauv ntiaj teb ua tau nkag rau hauv nplaim taws ntawm lub cawv, cov xim ntawm cov nplaim los ntawm cations yog pom. Tus strontium cation muab ib qho tsaus xim liab ntxoov ntxoo, calcium cation yog txiv kab ntxwv, thiab barium cation yog cov xim ntsuab.

Los txiav txim siab seb puas muaj tshuaj lom kab mob barium cation nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam zoo, siv cov phais sulfate. Raws li ib qho tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, cov kab mob barium sulphate dawb yog tsim, uas yog cov tshuaj tsis haum nyob rau hauv inorganic acids.

Radium yog ib lub caij nyoog tshav kub, uas yog nyob hauv cov xwm txheej hauv me me. Thaum magnesium reacts nrog cov pa taws, muaj qhov muag nrov dazzling. Txoj kev no yog siv rau qee lub sij hawm thaum kev yees duab hauv chav tsaus. Tam sim no tus kab mob magnesium tau hloov los ntawm cov hluav taws xob. Beryllium belongs rau tsev neeg ntawm alkaline av hlau, uas reacts nrog ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg. Calcium thiab magnesium zoo ib yam li aluminium, lawv tuaj yeem kho tej yam hlau tsawg xws li titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium. Cov dab tau txais co xa kaltsietermiey thiab magnietermiey.

Daim ntawv thov nta

Dab tsi yog kev siv ntawm alkaline earth hlau? Calcium thiab magnesium yog siv los ua teeb meem hlau thiab tsis tshua muaj hlau.

Piv txwv, magnesium yog muaj nyob rau hauv duraluminium, thiab calcium yog ib feem ntawm cov hlau txhuas siv los ua cov hlua khi thiab bearings. Siv dav alkaline av hlau hauv engineering hauv daim ntawv oxides. Slaked txiv qaub (calcium oxide) thiab burnt magnesium (magnesium oxide) yog yuav tsum tau rau kev tsim kho sector.

Thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov poov hlau dej muaj tshwm sim, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tshav kub raug tso tawm. Slacked txiv qaub (calcium hydroxide) yog siv rau kev tsim kho. Ib tug dawb slurry ntawm no tshuaj (txiv qaub mis nyuj) yog siv nyob rau hauv lub lag luam kom qab zib rau tus txheej txheem ntawm tu beet kua txiv.

Hlau ntsev ntawm ob pawg

Salts ntawm magnesium, beryllium, alkaline earth hlau yuav tau los ntawm interacting nrog acids ntawm lawv oxides. Chlorides, fluorides, iodides ntawm cov ntsiab yog dawb crystalline tshuaj, feem ntau yooj yim soluble dej. Ntawm cov sulfates tsuas magnesium thiab beryllium tebchaw muaj solubility. Muaj ib tug txo los ntawm beryllium salts rau barium sulphates. Cov tshuaj carbon monoxide muaj suab thaj nyob rau hauv dej los sis muaj tsawg heev solubility.

Sumphides ntawm alkaline lub ntiaj teb ntsiab nyob rau hauv me me nyiaj yog muaj nyob rau hauv hnyav hlau. Yog tias koj xa teeb pom kev zoo rau lawv, koj tuaj yeem tau txais xim txawv. Sulfur muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm luminous compounds, hu ua phosphors. Siv cov xim no los tsim kev thaij glowing, kev qhia kev.

Hom alkaline lub ntiaj teb hlau sib txuas

Calcium carbonate yog lub caij nyoog zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb daim av. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov sib xyaw ua ke li limestone, marble, chalk. Ntawm lawv, limestone yog lub ntsiab daim ntawv thov. Cov pob zeb no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub tsev zeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm cov khoom xyaw hauv inorganic, cov txiv qaub quicklime thiab slaked, khob, thiab cement raug ua.

Kev siv cov pob zeb uas muaj calcareous crushed pab txhawb nqa txoj kev, thiab ua tsaug rau hmoov, av acidity tuaj yeem txo. Ntuj Chalk yog ib lub plhaub ntawm cov laus cov tsiaj. Cov paj nruag no yog siv rau kev tsim cov roj hmab, daim ntawv, kev tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv cov xaum xim.

Marble yog nyob rau hauv kev thov ntawm architects, sculptors. Nws yog los ntawm cov pob zeb ci ntsa iab uas tsim tau ntau yam tsim los ntawm Michelangelo raug tsim. Ib feem ntawm Moscow cov chaw nres tsheb metro yog tiled nrog marble vuas. Magnesium carbonate nyob rau hauv tagnrho loj yog siv hauv cov khoom siv ntawm cov cib, cement, iav. Nws yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam hlau txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pob zeb pov tseg.

Calcium sulphate, muaj nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm gypsum (calcium sulphate crystal hydrate), yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Hauv cov tshuaj, qhov no yog siv los ua kom cov ntswg, nrog rau kev tsim plaster casts.

Alabaster (semi-aquatic gypsum) thaum lub sij hawm kev sib txuas nrog dej ua rau lub siab loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub. Qhov no kuj yog siv hauv kev lag luam.

Cov lus Askiv ntsev (magnesium sulfate) siv rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib qho tshuaj ntxau. Qhov yeeb tshuaj no muaj qhov iab saj, nws pom nyob rau hauv seawater.

"Barite porridge" (barium sulfate) tsis yaj hauv dej. Tias yog vim li no qhov ntsev no siv rau hauv X-ray hluav taws xob. Ntsev qeeb X-rays, uas tso cai rau koj los txheeb xyuas cov kab mob ntawm txoj hnyuv.

Nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm phosphorites (pob zeb) thiab apatites muaj calcium phosphate. Lawv yuav tsum tau rau kev npaj cov tshuaj calcium: oxides, hydroxides.

Calcium plays lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau cov kab mob nyob hauv. Nws yog hlau no uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub cev pob txha. Calcium ions yog tsim nyog los tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, ua rau kom ntshav coagulability. Qhov tsis muaj nws ua teebmeem nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb, poob ntawm coagulation, poob ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm txhais tes rau feem ntau tuav ntau yam khoom.

Yuav kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv, ib tus neeg yuav tsum haus li 1.5 grams ntawm calcium txhua txhua hnub. Qhov teeb meem loj tshaj yog tias kom lub cev nqus 0.06 grams cov calcium, ib tug yuav tsum tau noj 1 gram roj. Cov nqi siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau no muaj nyob hauv zaub xam lav, zaub txhwb qaib, cheese, cheese.

Xaus

Tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg thib ob ntawm lub ntsiab subgroup ntawm lub rooj xav tau yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej thiab kev ua ub ua no ntawm cov txiv neej niaj hnub no. Piv txwv, magnesium yog ib qho stimulator ntawm metabolic xyum hauv lub cev. Nws yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv cov nqaij ntshiv, ntshav, pob txha, nplooj siab. Magnesium yog ib tus neeg koom tes thiab photosynthesis hauv cov nroj tsuag, vim nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm chlorophyll. Pob txha neeg muaj li ntawm tsib feem ntawm qhov hnyav tag nrho. Lawv muaj calcium thiab magnesium. Oxides, alkaline lub ntiaj teb hlau ntsev tau pom ntau yam kev siv hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, tshuaj thiab tshuaj.