Ob chav ntsev: piv txwv thiab lub npe

Ntsev yog muab faib mus rau hauv nruab nrab, acidic, yooj yim, muab ob npaug rau thiab mixed. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog lug siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tab sis ntau heev tshaj dua - nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. To taub ntsev faib ua rau nws ua tau rau to taub cov qauv rau kev Science News for KIDS.

Yuav ua li cas cais ntsev

Cia peb pib nrog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm ntsev. Lawv yog cov tshuaj tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas lub acid residue yog ua ke nrog ib tug hlau atom. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lwm yam hoob kawm ntawm tshuaj, ntsev rau cov raug ionic tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus.

Cov tswv cuab ntawm cov hoob kawm no raug muab faib ua ob peb pab pawg uas muaj kev cov yam ntxwv.

qub ntsev

Nruab nrab ntsev nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tsuas muaj tej yam hlau cations thiab acidic residue. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, xws tebchaw yuav hais sodium tshuaj dawb, poov tshuaj sulfate. Qhov no pab pawg neeg yog xav tau feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Ntawm cov kev rau lawv npaj daim ntawv neutralization txheej txheem nqa tawm ntawm lub acid thiab puag.

acid ntsev

Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm tebchaw muaj hlau, hydrogen thiab ib tug acid residue. Daim Ntawv zoo xws li cov tebchaw polybasic acid: phosphoric, sulfuric, carbonic. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, ib tug acid ntsev muaj dav nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej, tej zaum yuav hais sodium bicarbonate (bicarb). Tej yam tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub acid thiab ntsev nruab nrab.

yooj yim ntsev

hlau cations yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw, lub hydroxyl pab pawg neeg thiab cov anions ntawm lub acid moiety. Piv txwv ntawm yooj yim ntsev yog calcium hydroxychloride.

mixed ntsev

Ob chav ntsev yog meant rau ntawm ob tug co uas hloov hydrogen nyob rau hauv acid. Cov tsim tej yam zoo sib xws muaj pes tsawg leeg cov yam ntxwv ntawm polybasic acids. Piv txwv li, sodium potassium carbonate yog tam sim no cia li muaj ob active hlau. Dual mixed ntsev muaj ib tug nqi rau cov tshuaj kev lag luam, dav siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

Nta tov ntsev

Ob chav ntsev ntawm poov tshuaj thiab sodium yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm raws li ntawm sylvinite. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ua ib mixed poov tshuaj-txhuas ntsev.

Mixed (ob chav) ntsev yog tebchaw uas muaj xws li ntau yam anions los yog cations. Piv txwv li, ib tug bleach nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj anion hypochlorous thiab hydrochloric acid.

Ntawm kev txaus siab yog dual ammonium ntsev. Feem ntau ntawm cov tau yam khoom uas yog siv raws li ib tug fertilizer.

Kev npaj ntawm ob ntsev ntawm ammonium yog ua los ntawm reacting ammonia nrog polybasic acids. Diammonium demanded nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua nplaim taws retardants (nplaim taws retardants). Ob chav ntsev uas muaj tsis muaj impurities yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua tshuaj thiab khoom noj khoom haus industries.

Muaj tseem ceeb ammoniytsinkovye, magnesium phosphates. Vim lub negligible solubility nyob rau hauv dej, xws ntsev khiav lag luam retardants muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv cov xim tsev thiab yas.

Cov ob ntsev yog haum rau lub impregnation ntawm fabrics thiab ntoo tiv thaiv chaw tiv thaiv dej. Hlau thiab txhuas ammonium phosphates - zoo heev txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv hlau lug ntawm xeb ntuj.

Piv txwv ntawm ob ntsev muaj ib tug kev lub ntsiab lus yuav ua tau kom hlau thiab zinc. Lawv yog ib tug yug me nyuam rau hauv av rau cov poov xab loj hlob nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm qhov yuam kev, rwb thaiv tsev cov khoom, mica.

txais tos

Dual ammonium ntsev yog npaj los ntawm thermal saturation ntawm phosphoric acid thiab ammonia tej alkali. Muaj kev txaus siab dimmoniyfosfat. Nws yog ua los ntawm thermal kho mob ntawm ammonia nrog phosphoric acid. Rau muaj kev vam meej chav kawm ntawm lub txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ib tug kub ntawm ib ncig 70 degrees Celsius. Cov txheej txheem yuav tsim ntawm ib tug los nag ntawm txhuas phosphate thiab hlau, uas yog tseem nws muaj daim ntawv thov.

Ib co teeb meem tshwm sim nrog ob ntsev npe vim lub fact tias lawv muaj li acid residue los yog ob tug cations.

Magniyammoniyfosfat thov nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ua lag luam, thiab yog li ntawd nws txoj kev creation muaj tej yam ntxwv. Neutralizing nws nrog ammonia roj extraction phosphoric acid, uas yog tov nrog rau ib tug magnesium phosphate.

complex tebchaw

Ntawm complex thiab ob ntsev, muaj qee yam txawv. Wb sim mus nrhiav tau tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub complex ntsev. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg los qhia rau hauv muaj ib tug complex ion, uas yog bracketed. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau tej tebchaw tam sim no complexing (central ion). Nws yog ib puag ncig los ntawm tus hais, uas yog hu ua ligands. Rau txoj ntsev yog yus muaj los ntawm stepwise dissociation. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem yog tus tsim ntawm txoj ion raws li ib tug ntawv los yog anion. Ntxiv mus, muaj ib tug ib nrab dissociation ntawm lub complex ion nyob rau ntawv thiab cov ligands.

Nta ntsev Nomenclature

Muab hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm ntsev, lawv cov nomenclature ntawm kev txaus siab. Rau nruab nrab ntsev npe yog generated raws li nyob rau hauv lub anion (chloride, sulfate, nitrate), uas yog ntxiv lub npe Lavxias teb sab hlau. Piv txwv li, CaCO3 - yog calcium carbonate.

Cov acid tas li ntawd ntsev yus hydro- consoles. Piv txwv li, KNSO3- poov tshuaj hydrogencarbonate.

Nomenclature yooj yim ntsev yuav siv hydroxo consoles. Yog li, ib tug ntsev ntawm Al (OH) 2Cl yog hu ua txhuas digidroksohlorid.

Thaum lub title ob ntsev uas muaj ob cations, thawj muab lub title anion, ces sau ob co muaj nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog.

Ntau complex lub npe yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txoj tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb seem uas ua hauj lwm nrog cov kev kawm txog tej ntsev.

Yog hais tias peb tsom xam lub cev thaj chaw ntawm qhov sib txawv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ob ntsev, nws yuav tau muab sau tseg hais tias lawv txawv ho nyob rau hauv lawv muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Ntawm cov ob ntsev yog cov piv txwv ntawm yam muaj zoo solubility, piv txwv li, sodium tshuaj dawb, poov tshuaj. Cov sparingly soluble sib txuas xws li muab ob npaug rau ntsev ntawm phosphoric thiab silicic acids.

By tshuaj zog ob ntsev yog zoo ib yam li qub (nruab nrab) muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog acids, lwm yam ntsev.

Nitrates thiab ammonium ntsev yog thermally decomposed, txoj kev ua ob peb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm electrolytic dissociation ntawm xws tebchaw yuav tau residue anions thiab hlau cations. Piv txwv li, cov hniav lwj ntawm lub ions nyob rau hauv txhuas poov tshuaj sulfate, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yuav raug kuaj txhuas thiab poov tshuaj cations thiab sulphate - ions.

Sib cais ntawm mixtures ntawm ntsev

Muab hais tias lub ntuj minerals muaj xwb ob hlau, muaj ib tug xav rau cais lawv. Ntawm cov ntau txoj kev los cais ib tug sib tov ntawm ntsev yuav cais fractional crystallization. Qhov no txoj kev yuav cov ua ntej melting ntawm lub ob ntsev, nws tom ntej division mus rau txawv tebchaw, ces crystallization. Tej variant sib cais ntawm mixtures txuam nrog rau lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj. Thaum nkauj nraug ib tug sib tov ntawm tshuaj txoj kev, reagents raug xaiv uas muaj zoo rau tej yam cations los yog anions. Tom qab los nag ntawm tej qhov chaw muab ob npaug rau ntsev nag lossis daus yog muab tshem tawm.

Yog hais tias tsim nyog, lub sib cais ntawm ib tug ternary system nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog ib tug khoom theem, thiab tam sim no emulsion yog nqa tawm los ntawm centrifugation.

xaus

Ob chav ntsev txawv los ntawm lwm yam hom ntsev nyob rau hauv lub mis ntawm ob co. Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, xws tebchaw yog tsis tshua muaj siv mas lawv tus thawj sib cais los ntawm lub cev los yog tshuaj txoj kev, thiab ces siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw uas muaj ntau lawm. Lub ob ntsev siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj kev lag luam raws li ib tug qhov chaw ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm nrhiav tshuaj.