Nto moo Lavxias teb sab biologists thiab kev thaj yeeb thiab qhib lawv

Nce qib ntawm kev kawm - ib tug ntau ntawm cov txawj ntse thiab siab cov neeg uas tsis ntshai thaum lub sij hawm nws tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej nws hypothesis txog ib qhov project rau txua ib tug ntawv tshiab. Zoo tag nrho tib neeg ntawm txhua txhua xyoo txhiab pom ib tug ntau ntawm tshwj xeeb, interesting thiab tseem ceeb discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm biology. Leej twg yog cov neeg uas tau koob meej Russia? Leej twg yog nto moo biologists?

Los ntawm Antiquity rau cov XIX xyoo pua

Nto moo biologists thiab lawv discoveries tau pib tshwm sim rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum txawm tawm ntawm cov nqe lus nug rau xws li ib tug science, muaj cov neeg uas xav to taub paub tsis txog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog zoo li ib tug naas ej neeg, raws li Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.

Biology raws li science pib los mam los ze zog mus rau lub 17 th xyoo pua. Nyob systematics ntawm muaj sia nyob twb yug los disciplines xws li microbiology, tej hlab ntshav. Txuas ntxiv los tsim lub cev: muaj ib lub qhib ntawm lub thib ob kev, nws twb xub kawm cov ntshav liab thiab cov phev ntawm cov tsiaj. Nto moo biologists ntawm lub sij hawm - nws yog Uilyam Garvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

XIX thiab XX caug xyoo - nws yog ib lub ncov ntawm tshiab discoveries uas hloov lub ntiaj teb no. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws biologists uas nyob hauv lub sij hawm, muaj peev xwm ua lawg hlob hlob hloov cov chav kawm ntawm science. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub 19-20th centuries, tsis tau overstated, vim hais tias cov yooj yim hypotheses thiab nrhav nyob cia li nyob hauv lub sij hawm no, tsis yog nyob rau hauv biology, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam liaj teb ntawm science. Tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kev tshawb fawb tau ua tsuas yog los ntawm cov tib neeg xws li Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov thiab ntau lwm yam zoo-paub Lavxias teb sab biologists.

Zhan Batist Lamark

Yug nyob rau hauv 1744 nyob rau hauv Picardy. Kuv muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub hypothesis ntawm evolution ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb, rau li cas nws hu ua ib tug precursor ntawm Darwin. Tsis tas li ntawd Lamarck tswvcuab sij hawm "txog biology" thiab pib disciplines xws li kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu thiab paleontology invertebrates.

Antoni Van Levenguk (1632-1723)

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus txiv Leeuwenhoek pib mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv li ib txwm iav polisher. Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua ib tug tswv nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, uas tau pab nws mus tsim nws tus kheej tshuab 200 lub sij hawm magnification. Nrog rau qhov no tshuab kuaj kab mob, Leeuwenhoek sab free-nyob kab mob - kab mob thiab protists.

Tsis tas li ntawd tus paub txog thawj pov thawj hais tias cov ntshav yog ib cov kua nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm hlwb. ntshav, cov ntshav liab kuj qhib Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

I. P. Pavlov yug nyob rau hauv Ryazan nyob rau hauv 1849. Tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm vaj lug kub nyob rau hauv nws hometown, nws txiav txim siab mus txuas lawv lub neej nrog science. Yav tom ntej tus paub txog kawm tiav los ntawm lub Medico-phais Academy, kev noj nyob ntawm cov xib fwb paub ntawm cov riam phais neeg. Yuav ua li cas yog kev vam meej tiav nto moo tshaj plaws biologists ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19?

Kev tshawb fawb ua si ntawm Pavlova raug raws li nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb zog. Nws kawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb, ib tug txheej txheem ntawm kis tau tus mob ntawm cov hlab impulses. Raws li ib tus paub txog koom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov digestive system, rau cov uas nws tau txais lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1904. Kom txog thaum nws tuag, I. P. Pavlov ua hauj lwm raws li lub rector ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Physiology ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences.

Raws li nrog rau tag nrho cov zoo-paub biologists Pavlov siv feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej mus rau science. Hais txog 35 xyoo nws twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb uas muaj feem rau lub hauv paus poob siab system nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hlwb coj tus cwj pwm. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau los ua tus tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv science - physiology siab tshee ua si. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj, kev puas hlwb lub tsev kho mob thiab kennels rau cov tsiaj. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tag nrho cov tej yam kev mob rau tej kev ua hauj lwm tau muab los ntawm tsoom fwv ntawm lub USSR, t. Yuav kom. Cov qhabnias ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau pab ua kom tau ib kauj ruam loj loj ntawm lub scientific kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm neural kev ua si.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Yuav luag tag nrho cov zoo-paub Lavxias teb sab biologists yeej zoo kawg nkaus chemists, physicists thiab mathematicians. Ib tug piv txwv - V. I. Vernadsky, ib tug zoo kawg thinker, paub txog, soj ntsuam.

Vernadsky yug nyob rau hauv 1863 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Thaum tiav lawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm lej thiab Physics Peterburg University, nws pib mus kawm ntawv lub zog ntawm cov neeg hais, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, tus qauv ntawm cov zaub mov. Nws kev tshawb fawb tau muab impetus mus rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug tshiab kev qhuab qhia - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky kuj muab rau pem hauv ntej nws hypothesis txog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub biosphere uas tag nrho cov kab mob nyob txawm. Uas tej ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci voj voog, nws koom lub animate thiab tswg nyob rau hauv ib tug lom system.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Nto moo biologists ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 ua ntau yam discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm physiology thiab Immunology neeg.

Mechnikov yug nyob rau hauv 1845 nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Ivanovka Kharkov xeev, nws kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1862 thiab muaj npe tau txais nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Physics thiab Lej kws qhia ntawv ntawm Kharkov University. Tom qab ua kom tiav nws cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv paub txog pib nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm embryology ntawm invertebrates.

Nyob rau hauv 1882 Mechnikov tau ntsib nrog Lui Pasterom, uas muaj nws ib tug zoo txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Pasteur University. Ilya Ilyich ua hauj lwm muaj rau ob peb xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no nws tsis tsuas yog tau ib tug ob peb lub tseem ceeb discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm embryology, tab sis kuj tau pib kawm xws phenomena li phagocytosis. Ua tau, Mechnikov thiab yog cov thawj mus nrhiav tau nws nyob rau hauv leukocytes piv txwv.

Nyob rau hauv 1908 tus paub txog tau txais cov Nobel nqi zog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Immunology thiab tshuaj. Los ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb, cov kev cai qhuab qhia kuj muaj peev xwm mus nce mus rau qib tom ntej.

Swordsmen kom txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub University of Paris , thiab tuag tom qab ob peb lub plawv tuaj.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Nto moo Lavxias teb sab biologists yuav khav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws tshawb pom. Kuv tsis muaj kev zam thiab NI Vavilov - microbiologist, botanist, cog physiologist, astronomer thiab geographer.

Vavilov yug nyob rau hauv 1887 nyob rau hauv Moscow. Los ntawm thaum ntxov thaum yau nws xav nyob rau hauv sau cov nroj tsuag, yog nqus herbarium, txoj kev tshawb tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj. Tsis ceeb, nws yav tom ntej qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev tshawb yuav tsum yog qhov Moscow Agricultural lub koom haum, qhov uas nws twb tau mus qhia lawv tej txuj ci.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj discovery ntawm lub Vavilov - nws yog txoj cai ntawm homologous series uas piav txog cov parallelism nyob rau hauv lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm qhov zoo ntawm ob peb tiam ntawm cov kab mob no. Tshawb fawb pom tias cov zoo txog hom muaj nyob tib yam alleles ntawm tib noob. Qhov no tshwm sim yog siv nyob rau hauv chaw ua taus zes rau koj twv seb tus tau thaj chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

Nto moo biologists ua hauj lwm tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm botany, lub cev, physiology, tab sis kuj nce lub tshiab kev qhuab qhia. Piv txwv li, DI Ivanovsky tau pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm virology.

Ivanovski kawm tiav los ntawm St. Petersburg University nyob rau hauv 1888 nyob rau Department of Botany. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm feemxyuam cov xib fwb, nws kawm cog physiology thiab microbiology, uas tso cai rau nws mus nrhiav tau qhov khoom rau nws yav tom ntej discoveries.

Dmitry I. nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv luam yeeb. Nws pom hais tias lub causative tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm haus luam yeeb mosaic yog tsis pom nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau haib tsom thiab tsis loj hlob nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam as xov xwm. Tom qab ntawd, nws tuaj rau lub xaus hais tias muaj yog kab mob noncellular keeb kwm uas ua rau cov kab mob. Ivanovo hu lawv cov kab mob, thiab puas tau txij li thaum tau pib ntawm qhov seem ntawm biology thaum virology, uas ua tsis tau tejyam rau ua lwm yam nto moo biologists ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

xaus

Qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug kev daim ntawv teev cov zaum uas twb tau mus nquam paj nquam nruas nws kev tshawb fawb Lavxias teb sab. Nto moo biologists thiab lawv discoveries tau muab impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm zoo science. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav rightly hu rau 19-20-th xyoo pua lub ncov ntawm scientific kev ua si, ib lub sij hawm ntawm kuj zoo kawg discoveries.