Ion siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo

Cov khib nyiab nyob rau hauv crystalline thiab amorphous thiab dua li muaj ib tug crystalline qauv. Nws txawv lawm qhov chaw ntawm tus hais nyob rau hauv precisely txhais cov ntsiab lus, yus muaj los ntawm periodic tsis tshua mob heev nyob rau hauv volumetric, peb-dimensional qhov chaw. Yog hais tias lub hlwb mus cuag cov ntsiab lus nrog ncaj - tau ib qhov chaw ncej, uas yog hu ua ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Lub sij hawm "crystalline lattice" yog hais txog ib tug geometric qauv uas qhia txog ib tug peb-dimensional periodicity nyob rau hauv muab molecules (atoms, ions) nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua cheeb tsam.

hais hu ua qhov chaw cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntxaij ntoo ntshav. Hauv lub ncej yog inter-ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Hom thiab cov xwm hais kev sib txuas lus therebetween: molecules, atoms, ions - txiav txim hom uas siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj cov plaub ntawm cov hom: ionic, atomic, molecular thiab hlau.

Yog hais tias lub ntxaij ntoo ntsiab lus txheej txheem ntawm ions (hais nrog ib tug tsis zoo los yog zoo xwb), qhov no ion siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, yus muaj los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm tib lub npe.

Cov mus ces yog muaj zog heev thiab ruaj khov. Yog li, cov neeg ua hauj nrog hom qauv muaj ib tug txaus siab hardness thiab ceev, uas tsis yog-volatile thiab refractory. Thaum uas tsis muaj kub, lawv coj raws li insulators. Txawm li cas los, raws li qhov melting ntawm xws tebchaw tawg geometrically tseeb ion siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo (ions qhov chaw) thiab txo lub dag lub zog kev twb kev txuas.

Thaum ib tug kub nyob ze rau qhov melting kub ntawm cov muaju nrog ionic bonds yog twb tau nqa hluav taws xob tam sim no. Tej tebchaw yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab lwm yam kua, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov ncov qaumteb qabteb molecules.

Ion siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj uas ionic bonds - ntsev, hlau hydroxides, hlau binary tebchaw nrog nonmetals. Ionic daim ntawv cog lus tsis muaj directivity nyob rau hauv qhov chaw vim hais tias txhua ion yog txuam nrog ob peb counter ions, tus quab yuam kev sis raug zoo nyob rau qhov kev ncua deb nruab nrab ntawm lawv (Coulomb txoj cai). Ion-hais txog tebchaw muaj uas tsis yog-molecular qauv, lawv yog cov khib nyiab nrog ionic lattices, mas ncov qaumteb qabteb, siab melting thiab kub cov ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv aqueous tov, nws yog electrically conductive. Tebchaw nrog ionic bonds nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv no yog yuav luag nrhiav tsis tau.

Ion siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib co raug oxides thiab hydroxides ntawm hlau, ntsev, i.e., Tshuaj nrog ib tug ionic tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd muaj yog ib qho ionic daim ntawv cog lus, nws yog xim hlau, molecular thiab covalent bonds nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua.

Muaju muaj ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus, yog semiconductors los yog insulators. Raug cov piv txwv ntawm atomic muaju yog pob zeb diamond, pob zeb ntais thiab germanium.

Pob zeb diamond - ib tug mineral nyhav allotropic kev hloov kho (daim ntawv no) ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm cov pob zeb diamond - nuclear, heev tham. Lub pob hlav ntawm xws li ib tug lattice atoms sib thooj, los ntawm ib tug tsis tshua muaj zog covalent bonds. Pob zeb diamond yog muaj li ntawm cais cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob ib nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ib tug tetrahedron, uas nws vertices yog cov plaub uas nyob ze atom. Xws li ib tug lattice yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm FCC tsev cell, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws hardness ntawm cov pob zeb diamond thiab siab kuj melting point. Nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb diamond lattice muaj cov tsis muaj molecules - thiab tus siv lead ua yuav ntshai ua ib tug imposing molecule.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub atomic siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm pob zeb ntais, khoom boron, germanium thiab sib txuas ntawm ib tug neeg hais nrog silicon thiab cov pa roj carbon (silica, quartz, mica, dej sand, pob zeb ntais carbide). Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm crystalline khib nyiab nrog atomic lattice tsawg.