Nyob rau hauv dab tsi xyoo thiab uas pheej nrhiav tau lub electron? Physicist, discoverer ntawm lub electron: lub npe, lub keeb kwm ntawm discoveries thiab nthuav tseeb

Debate txog uas pheej nrhiav tau lub electron, tseem tseem hnub no. Nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug pioneer ntawm elementary hais, tsuas yog Dzhozefa Tomsona, ib co science historians pom Hendrik Lorentz thiab Pieter Zeeman, lwm leej lwm tus - Emilya Viherta, thiab lwm leej lwm tus - Filippa Lenarda. Yog li ntawd leej twg yog nws - tus paub txog uas pheej nrhiav tau lub electron?

Atom - yog li indivisible

Lub sij hawm "atom" nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub twb qhia los ntawm philosophers. Ancient txawj xav Leucippus lwm nyob rau hauv V xyoo pua BC. e. Kuv pom tias txhua leej txhua tus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog ua los ntawm cov me me hais. Nws tus tub kawm ntawv - Democritus hu ua lawv atoms. Raws li cov philosopher, lub atoms - "tsev blocks" ntawm lub ntug, indivisible thiab nyob mus ib txhis. Los ntawm lawv cov txheej zoo thiab qauv nyob thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj atoms ntws dej - tus hlau - nrog Profiled hniav, muab hardness lub cev.

Cov koj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij M. V. Lomonosov, tus tsim ntawm lub atomic-molecular kev tshawb xav ntseeg hais tias cov muaj pes tsawg leeg uas yooj yim tshuaj corpuscles (molecule) tsim los ntawm ib tug atomic hom, tsis yooj yim - sib txawv.

Chemist qhia Dzhon Dalton (txiv neej) nyob rau hauv 1803, nyob raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab noj cov txheej txheem unit qhov ceeb thawj ntawm cov hydrogen atoms pom txheeb ze atomic masses ntawm ib co ntsiab. Atomic tshawb xav Englishman yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb rau lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm Science News for KIDS thiab physics.

Leej twg nrhiav tau lub electron?

By pib ntawm lub XX xyoo pua nws tau sau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua pov thawj rau hauv lub complexity ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atoms. Qhov no yuav muaj xws li cov photoelectric nyhuv (Hertz, A. Stoletov nyob rau hauv 1887), lub qhib ntawm lub cathode (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) thiab X-ray (X-ray B., 1895) rays, radioactivity (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Zaum ua hauj lwm nrog cathode rays, muab faib mus rau hauv ob camps: ib leej twg lub yoj xwm ntawm lub phenomenon, rau lwm yam - corpuscular. Tangible tau tiav xib fwb ntawm lub Ecole Normale Supérieure (Lille, Fabkis) Zhan Batist Perrin. Nyob rau hauv 1895, nws tau qhia los ntawm kws hais tias cov cathode rays yog ib tug kwj ntawm cov tsis zoo them hais. Tej zaum Perrin - physicist, sab electron?

Nyob rau hauv lub chaw pib ntawm kuj zoo kawg ua tau

Physicist thiab mathematician George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of Dublin) nyob rau hauv 1874 tshaj tawm rau hauv lub assumption ntawm discrete xwm ntawm hluav taws xob. Yuav ua li cas xyoo thiab los ntawm leej twg lub electron yog sab? Thaum lub sij hawm lub sim ua hauj lwm rau yog electrolyzed D. Stoney txhais yam tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm lub fais xwb (txawm hais tias cov kev tshwm sim tau (10 ^-20 Cl) yog 16 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li lub sij). Elementary hluav taws xob xwb unit 1891 nyob rau hauv lub Irish paub txog hu ua "electron" (los ntawm Greek "amber").

Ib xyoo tom qab, Gendrik Lorens (Leiden University, Lub Netherlands) tau formulated lub ntsiab tenets ntawm nws electron kev tshawb xav, raws li uas lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv ntawm tej yam khoom uas yog discrete hluav taws xob nqi. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis xav txog lub pioneer ntawm lub particle, tab sis lawv cov theoretical thiab cov tswv yim kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua ib lub hauvpaus khov rau yav tom ntej qhib ntawm Thomson.

resolute txhawb

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm seb, thaum twg thiab leej twg nrhiav tau lub electron, encyclopedias muab ib tug ntshiab thiab unequivocal cov lus teb - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson nyob rau hauv 1897. Yog li ntawd dab tsi yog qhov muaj nqis ntawm cov lus Askiv physicist?

Cov txiv rau yav tom ntej tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Royal Society yog ib tug muag ntawv thiab tseem yog menyuam yaus instilled nyob rau hauv nws tus tub txoj kev hlub ntawm cov ntawv luam lo lus thiab lub yees rau kev paub tshiab. Tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) thiab lub University of Cambridge nyob rau hauv 1880, ib tug hluas mathematician Dzhozef Tomson mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau Cavendish Laboratory. Seb cov kev tshawb fawb kiag li ntxim tus hluas tus paub txog. Lug txhawb cov miv sau tseg nws tireless kev mob siab thiab txawv tshaj plaw mob siab rau tswv yim ua hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv 1884, nyob rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm 28 xyoo, Thomson raug tsa thawj coj ntawm lub laboratory, succeeding Tswv K. Rayleigh. Nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm lub Thomson Kuaj tshaj tom ntej 35 xyoo nws tau zus mus rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no physics. Li no pib lawv cov lus Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Saib xyuas kom meej

Ua hauj lwm rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cathode rays Thomson pib mus xyuas lub thwmsim ntawm nws predecessors. Rau ntau thwmsim nws tau ua tshwj xeeb cov khoom rau tus kheej drawings lab tus thawj coj. Tom qab tau txais kev pom zoo ntawd ntawm zoo yaam puab paub, Thomson twb tsis xav hais tias kom tsis txhob muaj. Lub ntsiab aim ntawm nws yog pom nyob rau hauv leej ntau kev txiav txim ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus rays thiab lawv constituent hais.

Tshiab raj ua lub tsev rau cov nram qab no thwmsim yog nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsis tsuas yog tus ib txwm cathode thiab accelerating electrodes (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim hlau thiab ib ncig) nrog ib tug deflection voltage. Feed corpuscles qhia rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam loj nrog ib nyias txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas glowing hais raws li qhov feem. Tsev yuav tsum tau tswj lub neej coj kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus teb.

cheebtsam atom

Discoverer tsis yooj yim. Txawm nyuaj los mus tiv thaiv lawv cov kev ntseeg, uas yog tsis tooj mus rau zoo-tsim cov tswv yim rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv koj tus kheej, nyob rau hauv koj pab neeg thiab Thomson puas tau tus txiv neej uas pheej nrhiav tau lub electron.

Cov kev muab stunning tau. particle loj yog nyob rau hauv ob txhiab. sij hawm me me dua cov hydrogen ions. Qhov ratio ntawm them nyiaj rau corpuscles nws tsis yog nyob ntawm seb loj txaus tus nqi, lub zog ntawm cov cathode khoom, qhov xwm ntawm tus gaseous nruab nrab nyob rau hauv uas lub paug no tshwm sim. Qhov xaus yog nyob rau txawv nrog rau tag nrho cov me nyuam yaus: corpuscle - Universal particulate teeb meem nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov atom. Lub sij hawm tom qab lub sij hawm, Thomson rau siab ntso thiab ua tib zoo soj ntsuam cov kev tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim thiab suav. Thaum tsis ntseeg yog sab laug, ib tug qhuab qhia rau qhov xwm ntawm cathode rays ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Society. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1897 nws tau ceased mus yuav ib tug indivisible atom. Nyob rau hauv 1906, Dzhozef Tomson twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Physics.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Lub npe ntawm tus kws qhia Koningsborskogo geophysics, thiab ces lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Gottingen, soj ntsuam seismography ntiaj chaw Johann Emilya Viherta, zoo dua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv kev voj voog geologists thiab geographers. Tab sis nws yog me ntsis txog thiab lub cev zaum. Nws yog tus tib neeg uas lub official science, nrog rau Thomson, lub discoverer ntawm lub electron lees. Thiab yog hais tias peb yuav tsum ua kiag li leej, cov ntaub ntawv piav txog thwmsim thiab suav Wiechert twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1897 - plaub lub hlis tom ntej ntawm lub Englishman lub tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Leej twg nrhiav tau lub electron - tau dabneeg tau txiav txim siab, tab sis qhov tseeb nyob.

Rau siv: nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, Thomson tsis siv lub sij hawm "electron". Nws siv lub npe "corpuscles".

Leej twg qhib lub proton, neutron thiab electron?

Tom qab tebchaws thawj elementary particle steel speculated rau cov tau qauv ntawm cov atom. Ib qho ntawm thawj qauv twb npaj siab los ntawm Thomson. Atom, raws li nws, tsa ib daim ntawm paj npleg nrog raisins: ib tug zoo them lub cev interspersed nrog tsis zoo hais.

Nyob rau hauv 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom) pom hais tias cov planetary qauv ntawm lub atom muaj ib tug qauv. Ob xyoos tom qab, nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub hypothesis ntawm lub hav zoov nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm cov atom zoo them hais thiab, tau txais nws experimentally, hu ua proton. Nws kuj kwv yees lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug nruab nrab particle nyob rau hauv lub nucleus nrog lub proton loj (lub neutron twb tshwm sim nyob 1932 los ntawm British paub txog John. Chadwick). Nyob rau hauv 1918, Dzhozef Tomson tso tswj kuaj ntawm Ernest Rutherford.

Needless hais tias cov discovery ntawm lub electron tau tso cai ib tug tshiab saib qhov hluav taws xob, magnetic thiab kho qhov muag khoom ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Thompson thiab nws cov thwjtim nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm atomic thiab nuclear physics.