Tus foundations ntawm lub proton thiab neutron

Tom qab nws raug sab ntawd ib yam khoom uas muaj li ntawm molecules, thiab cov neeg nyob rau hauv lem - los ntawm atoms mus rau lub physicist tau txais ib tug tshiab lus nug. Nws yog tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj cov qauv ntawm cov atoms - dab tsi cas nws muaj xws li. Daws no kev sib tw los ntawm Rutherford thiab nws cov tub kawm. Qhib ntawm lub proton thiab cov neutron lawv nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem

E. Rutherford tau speculation ua li cas lub atom muaj ib tug nucleus thiab orbiting nws thaum muaj kev kub tshaj tawm los ntawm lub electrons. Tab sis li cas yuav muab lub nucleus ntawm cov atom, nws tsis yog nkaus meej. Rutherford npaj lub hypothesis tias nyob rau hauv lub atomic nuclei ntawm tej tshuaj caij yuav tsum tau cov nucleus ntawm lub hydrogen atom.

Qhov no hypothesis tom qab muaj pov thawj los ntawm ib tug series ntawm thwmsim, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub foundations ntawm cov proton twb cog lus. Lub essence ntawm lub sim sau yog Rutherford hais tias cov nitrogen atoms yog bombarded alpha tawg los ntawm qhov uas ib txhia ntawm tus hais sputtered los ntawm cov nitrogen atomic nucleus.

Qhov no tus txheej txheem tau muab sau tseg rau photosensitive zaj duab xis. Txawm li cas los, cov glow yog li ntawd tsis muaj zog, thiab qhov rhiab heev ntawm zaj duab xis yog tseem me me, yog li Rutherford tswv yim mus rau nws cov tub kawm ua ntej pib mus ua ib tug ob peb teev nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm yuav nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev tsaus, mus rau lub ob lub qhov muag yuav pom kev hloov maj mam teeb.

Nyob rau hauv no xyaum ua tej yam, tus yam ntxwv teeb ib co kua nplaum tau txiav txim tias tus hais, uas twb tawg, nuclei twb hydrogen thiab cov pa atoms. Cov hypothesis ntawm Rutherford, uas coj nws mus rau lub fact tias cov foundations raug ua los ntawm ib tug proton, tau pom nws ci ntsa iab kabke.

Qhov no particle Rutherford npaj lub npe proton (los ntawm "Protos" yog thawj Greek). Nws yuav tsum tau to taub yog li ntawd lub atomic hydrogen nucleus muaj ib tug qauv zoo li no hais tias nws muaj tib tug proton. Txij li thaum lub foundations ntawm cov proton twb cog lus.

Electric xwb, nws yog zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws quantitatively sib npaug zos rau cov electron xwb, tab sis muaj cov lus rov kos npe rau. Hais tias yog, nws hloov tawm hais tias lub proton thiab electron lub li yog hais tias txhua lwm yam tshuav nyiaj li cas. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov khoom, txij li thaum lawv muaj xws li atoms Ameslikas tsis them, thiab hluav taws xob xwb yog tau thaum lawv pib ua rau lub electric teb. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov atomic nuclei ntawm ntau yam tshuaj hais tej zaum yuav loj tus naj npawb ntawm protons tshaj atomic hydrogen nucleus.

Tom qab tus foundations raug ua los ntawm lub proton, tus neeg tshawb fawb pib twb paub lawm tias cov tub ntxhais ntawm cov tshuaj caij lub atom yog li tsis tsuas yog ntawm protons, vim hais tias kev lub cev thwmsim nrog nuclei ntawm beryllium atoms pom tias qhov loj ntawm lub protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus yog muaj li ntawm plaub units, thaum tag nrho loj ntawm lub nucleus - cuaj chav nyob. Nws yog ib zajlus kom xav tias hais tias tsib ntau loj units uas los ntawm ib co tsis paub hais tias hais uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob xwb, txij li thaum txwv tsis pub tus electron-proton tshuav nyiaj li cas yuav tsum tau ua txhaum.

James Chadwick menyuam kawm ntawv E. Rutherford, ua thwmsim, thiab yuav ntes elementary hais uas dhau los ntawm beryllium atomic nucleus thaum lawv bombarded nrog alpha tawg. Nws muab tawm hais tias lawv muaj tsis muaj hluav taws xob xwb. Pom yog tus tsis muaj kev them nyiaj vim lub fact tias cov hais tsis tau li cas rau cov electromagnetic teb. Ces nws tau los ua tseeb tias sab uas ploj lawm lub caij ntawm nuclear qauv.

Qhov no qhib D. Chadwick particle hu ua ib tug neutron. Nws muab tawm hais tias nws muaj tib lub loj raws li lub proton, tab sis, raws li tau hais tias, nws twb tsis muaj hluav taws xob xwb.

Ntxiv mus, nws twb experimentally paub tseeb tias cov xov tooj ntawm protons thiab neutrons sib npaug zos rau ib theem zuj zus tooj ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic system.

Nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb tau cai tej khoom xws li neutron hnub qub, uas yog feem ntau cov theem kawg ntawm stellar evolution. Tej neutron hnub qub muaj ib tug heev ceev.