Leej twg ua lub Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation. Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Kremlin: piav qhia

Qhov ntev keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub monuments ntawm cov kos duab, architecture thiab ntaub ntawv. Lub capital ntawm cov loj heev lub teb chaws - Moscow thiab nws cov chaw - lub Kremlin, uas niaj hnub no tsis yog tsuas yog lub rooj zaum ntawm tsoom fwv thiab tus thawj tswj hwm, tab sis kuj yog ib tug tsev cia puav pheej uas qhia tag nrho cov milestones ntawm qhov ib tug muaj hwj huam loj. Cim nyob rau hauv nws cov architecture thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub complex yuav qhia cov neeg tuaj xyuas ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav tej yam. Txhua lub tsev kawm nws muaj nws ib feem ntawm peb yav dhau los: yees, squares, vaj, lub koom txoos ntawm cov Moscow Kremlin. Cathedral ntawm tus Annunciation belongs rau lub feem ntau ancient vaj tse, shrines, muab cia rau hauv nws, hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm Christianity nyob rau hauv Russia.

qhov chaw

Lub architectural chaw ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin yog lub Cathedral Square. Ob tug zoo kawg li keeb kwm monuments uas muaj nyob nrog nws cov perimeter. South-thaj ib sab ntawm lub square yog lub Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation, uas yog feem ntau hu ua lub kub-domed, nws twb tsa nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus Annunciation ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb. Lub tuam tsev yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ancient architecture, lub hlaws muaj nqis ntawm lub Kremlin. Nyob rau keeb kwm ntev ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau rebuilt ntau lub sij hawm, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txhua tom ntej no sawv cev ntawm lub muaj koob muaj npe dynasty, tab sis nws tsis tau poob lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thiab chiv xam pom cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los mus txiav txim uas ua lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, koj yuav tsum tig mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation. Nws yog lub npe hu rau tus chronicle ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub kawg ntawm XIV Cathedral nws twb muaj.

zaj dabneeg

Tus ntoo lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Annunciation ntawm unspecified cov ntaub ntawv twb ua nyob rau hauv 1290. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, ib tug kev txiav txim rau qhov kev siv raug muab los ntawm tub huabtais Andrew, uas yog tus tub Aleksandra Nevskogo. Leej twg ua lub Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation nyob rau hauv tus thawj ntoo version yog tsis paub, tab sis los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV nws muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau strengthening thiab kho tshiab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj sawv tom qab nws twb xa Byzantine icon "Tswv Yexus nyob rau hauv lub sacristy ntawm cov dawb." Nws yog txuam nrog qhov kev tshwm sim thawj kaw mention ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej lub tsev teev ntuj. Mus rau tam sim no hnub version ntawm tus thawj siv tsis tau ua nws tej ntaub ntawv. Loj, sau ntawm cov vaj tse, sab hauv thiab sab nrauv kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob twj ywm ib tug paub tsis meej hais tias tsis tau unraveled. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub XIV xyoo pua pib qhov kev siv ntawm lub pob zeb tsev teev ntuj, uas tom qab hu ua tus Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation. Keeb kwm ntawm lub ntxiv transformation ntawm lub tuam tsev yog inextricably txuas nrog tus tub huabtais, thiab ces tus muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg txiav txim nyob rau hauv Russia.

XV xyoo pua

Nws incarnation nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb tsev teev ntuj raug yuam ua hauj rau Basil kuv (tus tub ntawm Dmitry Donskoy), nws yog nws leej twg yuam kom nteg lub tsev teev ntuj rau cov princely tsev neeg. Lub ntsiab mob yog qhov kev siv ntawm nws cov sib thooj rau cov kev pab lag, yog li lub Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Kremlin Annunciation townspeople hu ua lub tuam tsev "nyob rau hauv lub qab khav yog phab." Nyob rau hauv 1405 nws pleev xim rau sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj twb ua nto moo Lavxias teb sab painters (F. Greek, A. Rublev). Lub architectural nta ntawm lub tsim qauv, nws tsim qhia tus ntawm cov Byzantine style, uas yog hnyav ncawv vim tus tsim ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Dua 70 xyoo hauv lub tuam tsev tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv unchanged thiab nyob rau hauv 1483 twb puas lawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Ivan III.

Cov kev siv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj

Tag nrho cov hloov tshiab Kremlin vaj tse pib nrog 1480. Duke of Moscow, Ivan III caw Italian masters mus ua hauj lwm, tab sis, nrog rau cov mob ntawm lub restructuring ntawm tag nrho cov complex ntawm vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub qub Lavxias teb sab style. Leej twg ua lub Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation? Los ntawm cov annals ntawm lub sij hawm haum zoo-paub qhov tseeb, hais tias lub tuam tsev yog ua los ntawm Lavxias teb sab architects. Rau cov hauj lwm twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub Pskov architects, uas nrog rau cov kev pab ntawm lub Moscow masters tau pib tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv 1984. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub qub qab daus tau txais kev pab rau nws li ntawd. E. Lub tsev teev ntuj ua tau ntawm tib zoo raws li ib tug laus.

nyuaj ua hauj lwm sawv ua ntej lub Lavxias teb sab masters, nws yog rau sib haum xeeb haum rau hauv lub tuam tsev complex ntawm vaj tse ntawm cov Kremlin. Los ntawm keeb kwm qhov kawg ntawm lub XIV xyoo pua, koj muaj peev xwm txawm kawm cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas ua lub Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation nyob rau hauv Moscow no Architects ntawm Pskov Myshkin thiab Krivtsov. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg cov txuj ci ntawm cov neeg no, ua tsaug rau lawv cov dag zog, lub Kremlin tau txais lwm cov cim qauv thiab nqus cov keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev tiam dhau ib tiam ntawm nws lub neej.

architecture

Nyob rau hauv 1489 qhov kev siv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj twb tiav lawm, nws zes lub Metropolitan Gerontius. Raug nta ntawm lub architectural sawv ntawm lub Moscow thiab Pskov masters yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev no. Raws li ib tug pre-uas twb muaj lawm lub tuam tsev, nws muaj ib tug square zoo lawm thiab twb sib yuav nrog peb taub hau. Nyob rau hauv lub central ib feem tsis muaj tsev nyob rau hauv lub pillar, uas differed rau txhua phab ntsa ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj tus thawj. Ntoo khaub lig-domed tsev twb ncig los ntawm kev pab qhov. txoj kev hloov system khi lub tuam tsev nrog thaj vaj tse ntawm cov Kremlin complex. Apses (kaw me me thaj ua si nraum zoov) twb nyob rau sab hnub tuaj sab. Main (kev cai dab qhuas) los tsis txwv kev siv tswv yim, uas tau txi cov Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Kremlin. Hauj lwm ntawm lub thaj ua rau nws tau muaj kev pov plob hais tias nyob rau hauv lub qab daus kuj yuav raug muab lub xeev nyiaj.

lub sij hawm

Grand dukes, thiab ces tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab tsars siv lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Kremlin li cov adjoining lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws accomplishes tag nrho cov tsev neeg sacraments (kev cai raus dej, kab tshoob). Lub tsev teev ntuj los ua tus sab ntsuj plig txiv ntawm tus pas ntsuas ntawm Russia, nws professed nws, pab npaj thiab tso siab yuav, yuav muab tus huab tais tswv yim nyob rau hauv ntev sib tham. Kev Tshaj Tawm Lub tsev teev ntuj cia tus nqi ntawm tus tub huabtais (muaj koob muaj npe) tsev neeg (relics, icons, relics ntawm cov neeg ntseeg). Tus thawj thawj ntawm Moscow muab cia rau hauv nws lub coffers. Txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tom ntej no dynasty, nce lub zwm txwv, sim los txhim kho lub sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, ua kom nws zoo li ib yam dab tsi ntawm lawv tus kheej, tawm hauv ib lub ceeb toom rau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

XVI xyoo pua

Leej twg ua lub Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation, uas peb pom niaj hnub no? Cov lus nug no tsis yooj yim, lub tuam tsev no yog tshiab ntau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov hluav taws kub nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tsov kev rog thiab revolutions. Qhov loj tshaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv tsos ntawm lub tuam tsev coj qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm lub XVI caug xyoo. Vasily III thaum lub sij hawm nws reign txib kom pleev xim hauv lub tuam tsev "nplua nuj." Qhov no ua hauj lwm attracted qhov zoo tshaj plaws painters nyob rau hauv Russia (Theodosius, Fedor Edikeev). Lub ntsiab motives ntawm frescoes tau raug fwm, tab sis lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj muaj thiab xov precious pob zeb. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov ncaws ntau zog rau 9 (cim ntuj ntxhais nkauj xwb nyob rau hauv cov laus cov ntseeg Vajtswv), txhua tus uas yog coated nrog kub, yog li nws yuav Zlatoverkh tsev teev ntuj. Cov yav qab teb kev nkag ntawm nws thiaj yog npaj rau cov muaj koob muaj npe mus ntsib (princely) tsev neeg, qhov uas lawv tso tawm pub rau cov pluag thiab tus so tom qab cov kev pab cuam.

Ivan Grozny

Nyob rau hauv 1547 Moscow thiab lub Kremlin vaj tse ho cuam tshuam los ntawm lub loj hluav taws kub. Cathedral ntawm tus Annunciation yog tsis muaj tsuas yog, li ntawd, Ivan Grozny kom nws rau siab rov qab (los yog lub tsev). Nyob rau hauv 1564, lub tuam tsev ua tau, pleev xim rau, dai kom zoo nkauj ntau richly dua nyob rau hauv nws tus txiv (Vasily III), thiab illuminated. Qab khav yog phab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carved dawb pob zeb portals, uas yog tsim los ntawm Italian masters. Cim rau lub sij hawm uas steel tooj liab qhov rooj, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub. Nws twb yog cov reconstructed iconostasis thiab pleev xim rau tsev ceev nyiaj, cov phab ntsa thiab txhua ntawm lub tuam tsev. Commissioned los ntawm Ivana Groznogo mus rau lub Annunciation Cathedral txuas Qab khav yog phab (Grozny), nyob rau muab nws, nws yog qhov chaw uas tus huab tais pom ib tug harbinger ntawm nws txoj kev tuag.

niaj hnub yav dhau

Nws coj lub zwm txwv ntawm lub Romanov dynasty, uas kuj khaws cia thiab dai kom zoo nkauj Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation. Nws tom ntej keeb kwm yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ceev faj tus cwj pwm mus rau lub Laus Lavxias teb sab shrines. Qhov loj tshaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub tsev teev ntuj yog nyob rau hauv 1917, ib tug plhaub ntaus lub lawj twb puas Grozny, uas tsis tau rov qab los. Lub Bolsheviks tsiv lub capital rau Moscow thiab muab tso rau hauv lub Kremlin coj noj coj ua ntawm lub teb chaws. Cim keeb kwm, kev cai dab qhuas thiab architectural chaw ua muab tsis cuag rau neeg zej zog. Tus tshiab tsoom fwv tom qab ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tau qhib lub qhov rooj mus rau lub historic nroog centre, tsim lub Moscow Kremlin puas. Annunciation Cathedral functioned nyob rau hauv no muaj peev xwm mus txog rau thaum 1993. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau ancient Orthodox dawb huv chaw khiav hauj lwm rau hauv ib ncig ntawm peb lub xeev.

niaj hnub architecture

Cathedral ntawm tus Annunciation ua tau li ob peb centuries. Nws yeej muaj ob peb cov vaj tse uas txawv sij hawm uas combines sib haum xeeb txaus rau paub tsos ntawm niaj hnub tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev. Nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua rau lub tsev teev ntuj uas txuas plaub chapels, txhua crowned lub taub hau, nrog peb ntawm cov cuaj tshooj yog cov zoo nkauj. Lub sab hauv qhov chaw no yog me me nyob rau hauv loj, t. Yuav kom. Lub tsev teev ntuj twb npaj rau tus neeg pej xeem (muaj koob muaj npe) tsev neeg. Lub architectural style ntawm kev tsim kho yuav piav raws li ib tug Laus Lavxias teb sab, Byzantine lig kev cai. Lub dome qauv ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm teeb pom kev zoo tsim cov nyhuv ntawm ntsug zog, nyob rau hauv lub caij ntawm kho kom zoo nkauj yuav tsum havzoov Pskov architectural tsev kawm ntawv (square tug ncej, arches dammed). Moscow masters muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj phab ntsa thiab portals daim ntawv patterned siv. Annunciation Cathedral yog txawv nyob rau hauv nws cov architecture thiab lub tsev keeb kwm.

iconostasis

Lub cim muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj hnub nyoog ntawm tus sau, yog nyob rau hauv ob peb tiers (kab). Icons XIV, XV, XVI centuries, lub cim relics ntawm ancient cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev. Ntawm lawv yog cov ua hauj lwm Andreya Rubleva thiab Feofana Greka, uas dim mus txog thaum peb hnub. Icons depicting tus txheej xwm ntawm Khetos lub neej, tsim nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua, lawv cov nyiaj hli yog los ntawm tshwj xeeb kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv 1896. Kuj ceeb tias iconostasis Annunciation Cathedral yog vim hais tias nws yog sab laug nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau ib tug huab tais cov duab uas tus kav nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm luv. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus huab tais icon nrog nws cov duab twb pauv mus rau thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Cathedral thiab muab tso rau ib tombstone.

painting

Lub hiob qhabnias kuaj ntawm frescoes poob nyob rau hauv hluav taws kub thiab reconstructions ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Niaj hnub nimno painting yog lawv cov ntawv luam, nws yog tsim los ntawm ntxias ntawm lub XVI xyoo pua, uas sim qhia xim, zoo lawm thiab tus nqi dab neeg. Yuav ua li cas yog ceeb yog qhov tseeb hais tias nrog rau cov tsoos biblical motifs rau ntawm phab ntsa, arches, txhua depict rau ib sab ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab princes thiab ancient philosophers, nws muab xws li ib tug cim monument li cov Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Kremlin. Moscow, Russia twb tsis muaj ntau ancient kuaj mural tuam tsev. Qhov no tsev cia puav pheej tsev tej hauj lwm ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kev kos duab, uas tsis muaj kev analogues. Cov duab ntawm lub Annunciation belongs rau lub feem ntau ancient thiab tsis tshua muaj iconography hom.