Lub sij hawm ntawm Ancient Rus, kev cai qhov chaw, ib daim ntawv teev cov lus piav qhia

Lub sij hawm ntawm ancient Russia, qhov chaw uas kev cai monuments yog qhov kev kawm ntawm no los xyuas - yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm, raws li nws twb ces muab cov me nyuam yaus ntawm statehood, kev sib raug zoo, nom tswv, nyiaj txiag thiab kev sib raug zoo lug, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau, archaeological thiab architectural qhov chaw.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub era

Fundamentals ntawm kev tswj ntawm lub xeev hloov zuj zuj nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm ancient Russia. Lub monuments ntawm lub ntu ntawm kab lis kev cai yog nthuav nyob rau hauv uas lawv reflected cov ideological cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus hluas Lavxias teb sab zej zog, tau cia li hloov dua siab tshiab rau Orthodoxy. Ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv cov creation ua si princes teg num, uas feem ntau pab mus rau lub pob zeb tsev, sau cov keeb kwm, qhov kev siv ntawm pej xeem thiab cov tiv thaiv-lub hom phiaj vaj tse. Tom qab, cov teg num dhau thiab cov pejxeem, feem ntau rau nroog cov neeg nyob, uas yog feem ntau nyob rau ntawm lawv tus kheej nyiaj them tsa lub koom txoos, lub tuam tsev. Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no yog ua si los ntawm cov Greek kev cai cawv. Byzantine masters tau ua builders ntawm ntau monuments, tab sis tseem kawm ib tug ntau ntawm Lavxias teb sab, uas txais yuav lawv cov kev cai thiab kev lis kev cai, tsis ntev pib los tsim lawv tus kheej cim lug.

hom temples

Ancient lub sij hawm Rus kev cai monuments uas yog mas sawv cev los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj kev tsim kho, feeb txais hnub Mongolian lub sij hawm ntawm 9 mus rau thaum ntxov 13th xyoo pua, tab sis ntau Benefit muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug muab tswvyim thiab tom qab centuries. Lavxias teb sab architecture txais lub Byzantine kev lig kev cai, yog li lub Lavxias teb sab lub tsev teev ntuj architecture, nyob rau hauv tus, ua lawv nta. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws mas muab faib rau tau txais qhov kev siv ntawm dawb pob zeb churches ntawm lub thiab semi-ncig dome twb hloov los ntawm shlemoobrazny. Masters feem ntau tsim mosaics thiab frescoes. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog chetyrehstolpnyh tuam tsev, tsis tshua tau ntsib nrog rau thiab yim txhua twb ntau. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, lawv muaj peb naves.

Lub Early lub tsev teev ntuj

Lub sij hawm ntawm ancient Russia, cov kev cai monuments uas yog inextricably txuas nrog kev cai raus dej thiab lub me nyuam los tu ntawm Orthodox ntseeg Vajtswv, los ua tus heyday ntawm lub pob zeb tuam tsev siv. Lub daim ntawv teev cov vaj tse yuav tsum tau ua lub feem ntau yooj yim, qhov kev siv ntawm cov uas tau los ua ib tug landmark kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, thiab yog tus pib ntawm ntxiv siv. Ib qho ntawm thawj loj tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws lub tuam tsev los ua lub Koom Txoos ntawm Assumption of lub Blessed nkauj xwb niam mab liab, uas kuj tau txais ncha hu ua cov them ib feem kaum li tub huabtais yeej tau faib ib feem kaum ntawm cov nyiaj khwv rau nws. Nws ua tau nyob rau hauv Vladimir Svyatoslavich neeg dawb huv uas ua kevcai raus dej lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws.

nta

Archaeologists pom tias nws nyuaj los nws cov thawj tsos, cuaj kaum fwm tej ntaub ntawv, xws li cov Greek stamp ntawm cib, marble kho kom zoo nkauj, ib tug mosaic pem teb, hais tias cov kev siv tau nqa tawm Greek masters. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm fwm inscriptions nyob rau hauv Cyrillic thiab tej hub vuas cia hais txog kev koom tes los nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub Slavs. Lub tsev teev ntuj ua tau raws li ib tug ntoo khaub lig-domed lub tsev nyob rau cov tsoos Byzantine canon.

Temples ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th

Lub sij hawm ntawm ancient Russia, qhov chaw uas kev cai monuments ua pov thawj rau hauv lub ceev ceev kis thiab tu Orthodoxy nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, yog ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm active tsev ntawm lub koom txoos, sib txawv nyob rau hauv loj, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev teeb tsa. Qhov thib ob qho tseem ceeb heev lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no - nws yog St. Sophia Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kiev. Nws ua tau thaum lub sij hawm lub reign Yaroslava Mudrogo, thiab yuav tsum tau ib tug loj kev cai dab qhuas qhov chaw ntawm lub tshiab powers. Nws feature tshwj xeeb yog cov muaj cov loj loj choirs. Nws muaj kaum peb ncaws nrog qhov rais. Nyob rau hauv lub center yog lub ntsiab hauv qab no - plaub me me sawv daws yuav, thiab ces muaj lwm yim me me thiab ncaws. Lub tsev teev ntuj muaj ob tug stair yees, ob-theem thiab ib-theem gallery. Hauv yog mosaics thiab frescoes.

Ntoo khaub lig-domed pawg ntseeg ntawm ancient Rus los ua ntau nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Ib qho tseem ceeb lub tsev yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Assumption Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Nws muaj peb naves, ib tug dav sab hauv thiab ib tug dome. Nws twb tshuab mus thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog thiab tom qab ntawd rebuilt nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian Baroque lig kev cai.

Novgorod architecture

Monuments Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai varied nyob rau hauv style thiab qauv. Novgorod tuam tsev thiab lub koom txoos muaj lawv cov cim nta uas tso cai rau koj mus rau ntsiab qhov no raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm domestic architecture. Nyias, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov ancient tsev yuav tsum muab sau ua ke Sophia Cathedral, uas tau ntev tseem lub ntsiab kev cai dab qhuas qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws muaj tsib ncaws, stair pej thuam. Ncaws tau zoo li tus nyiam. Cov phab ntsa yog ua ntawm limestone, lub sab hauv yog zoo li tus Kiev lub tsev teev ntuj, arches yog ncua, tab sis ib txhia qhov chaw muaj undergone ib tug me ntsis simplification ntawm dab tsi yog los ua ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub nroog lub architecture.

Wizard chiv xyaum kuaj Kiev, tab sis tom qab Novgorod architecture tau txais nws yeej zoo vim cov cim thiab yooj yim coj los nta. Lawv lub tuam tsev yog me me nyob rau hauv loj, stocky thiab yooj yim tsim. Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo lub koom txoos nyob rau hauv no style - nws yog lub cev Hloov Hlo tsev teev ntuj Nereditsa. Nws yog yooj yim heev, tab sis muaj ib tug heev majestic tsos. Nws muaj me me luaj li cas, nws muaj tsis muaj lwm kho kom zoo nkauj, cov kab yog heev yooj yim. Tej yam no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov Novgorod tuam tsev, cov tsos ntawm uas txawm feature ib co disproportion uas ua rau lawv cim.

Vaj tse nyob rau hauv lwm lub zos

Monuments nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod yog tseem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov feem ntau nto moo ancient tsev. Ib tug ntawm cov churches nplooj siab mus rau tus dawb huv yaj saub Eliyas. Nws ua tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm lub nroog tau tshem ntawm cov ntxeem tau ntawm lub Tatars thiab Nogai. Chiv nws yog ntoo, tab sis tom qab, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua 17th, twb rebuilt nyob rau hauv pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm ib dome nws twb rebuilt nyob rau hauv lub tsib-domed, uas tau muab nws lub npe mus rau hauv txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub nroog.

Monuments nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod nyob ib tug muaj koob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm domestic architecture. Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo - nws yog Michael lub thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Cathedral, ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th. Nws yog ib tug dawb-pob zeb lub tsev teev ntuj nrog 4 tug ncej thiab 3 apses.

Yog li ntawd, lub nroog ntawm lwm pawg neeg thaj av thiab fiefdoms kuj ua mob chaw ntawm architectural tsim kho. Lawv sawv yog distinguished los ntawm lawv cov thawj thiab txawv nta. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Nicholas Nadeina Yaroslavl - ib tug tshwj xeeb lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Nws tau tsa ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Volga dej thiab yog tus thawj pob zeb lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub suburb ntawm lub nroog.

Chiv los ntawm lub lag luam Nadia Sveteshnikov, tom qab uas muaj ntau yam traders thiab craftsmen kuj pib ua lub tsev teev ntuj. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub Koom Txoos raug tsa nyob rau qhov siab hauv av, nyob rau lub sab saum toj tsib ncaws rau slender dos nruas. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Nicholas Nadeina muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb iconostasis. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub Baroque style thiab hloov nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua tshaj lub ancient.

nqi

Yog li, lub ancient architecture yog txawv nyob rau hauv nws tus yam ntxwv, style thiab sab hauv. Yog li ntawd, nws occupies ib tug muaj koob qhov chaw tsis zoo xwb nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub kos duab lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau tam sim no lub sij hawm nws yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb historic preservation. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv dim, ib txhia raug rhuav tshem, thaum tsov rog, yog li ntawd niaj hnub archaeologists thiab restorers muab tseem ceeb heev rau lawv reconstruction thiab daim ntawv rov ntxiv.