Literary critics - uas yog qhov no? Lavxias teb sab thuam

Literary thuam yog ib qho cheeb tsam ntawm creativity, nyob rau lub verge ntawm cov kos duab (ie, tseeb) thiab qhov kev kawm ntawm nws (kev sau ntawv thuam). Leej twg yog cov kws txawj nyob rau hauv nws? Critics - cov no yog cov neeg uas koom nyob rau hauv qhov kev luj xyuas thiab kev txhais ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm lub foundations ntawm modernity (xws li tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub pressing teeb meem ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev lub neej), raws li zoo raws li lawv tus kheej views, sib ceg thiab qhia lub tswv yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam kev sau ntawv taw, muaj nyob rau hauv lub zajlus txheej txheem ntawm active cawv, raws li zoo raws li ncaj qha kev cuam tshuam rau tsim ntawm ib tug tej yam kev nco. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm thiab kev tshawb xav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsim kom zoo nkauj thiab philosophy.

Literary thuam yog feem ntau nom tswv thiab cov tshuaj pleev, journalistic cim, interwoven nrog journalism. Muaj yog ib tug nyob ze kev sib raug zoo nrog nws cov yam sciences: political science, keeb kwm, ntseeg cuav thaum ub thuam, lug, muaj chaw.

Lavxias teb sab thuam

Critic Belinsky sau hais tias txhua txhua era ntawm peb lub teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm nws tus kheej nco qab, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub thuam.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj tsis pom zoo nrog rau qhov no daim ntawv qhia. Lavxias teb sab thuam - raws li ib tug cim thiab striking phenomenon, raws li cov classical Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg. Txawv sau phau ntawv (critic Belinsky, piv txwv li) taw tes qhia tawm ntau lub sij hawm uas nws, ua los ntawm qhov ib tug hluavtaws, ua si ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tus pej xeem lub neej. Cia peb rov qab nto moo tshaj plaws sau ntawv uas tau mob siab rau lawv tus kheej rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub classics. Lavxias teb sab critics - yog DI Pisarev, N. Hnub Yug, AV Druzhinin, AA Grigoriev, VG Belinsky thiab ntau lwm tus neeg, hauv tsab xov xwm uas muaj tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsom xam ntawm tej hauj lwm, tab sis kuj lawv artistic nta, cov tswv yim, cov dluab. Lawv nrhiav saib hauv daim duab ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tswv yim zoo kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ncaj ncees cov teeb meem ntawm lub sij hawm uas, thiab tsis tsuas yog capture tab sis tej thaum kuj muab lawv tus kheej kev daws teeb meem.

Tus nqi ntawm kev thuam

Cov khoom sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab critics, thiab tam sim no tseem muaj ib tug loj feem nyob rau kev ncaj ncees thiab sab ntsuj plig lub neej ntawm haiv neeg. Lawv tsis ntawd tau ntev tau nyob rau hauv lub nrauv kev pab cuam ntawm tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, tej zaj lus hauv cov ntawv nyeem rau ob peb xyoo lawm cov tub ntxhais kawm paub mas nrog cov tseem ceeb heev cov khoom ntawm lub radical orientation. Critics ntawm no sib - DI Pisarev, N. Hnub Yug, NG Chernyshevsky, VG Belinsky thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tej hauj lwm ntawm cov sau phau ntawv no feem ntau ntaus nqi raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm kab lus zoo, uas yog generously "dai kom zoo nkauj" cov menyuam kawm ntawv lawv sau.

stereotypes

Qhov no mus kom ze rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub classics tsim nyob rau hauv lub artistic xaav ntawm stereotypes, npaum li cas rau impoverish thiab piv cov zuag qhia tag nrho daim duab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, yog txawv, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub tsiv aesthetic thiab ideological kev tsis sib haum.

Tsuas yog tsis ntev los no, ua tsaug rau rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm nyob rau hauv-tob kev tshawb fawb, Lavxias teb sab lub zeem muag ntawm kev thuam thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau los ua ib tug multi-ncau thiab ntau voluminous. Raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm NN Strakhov, AA Grigoriev, NI Nadezhdin, IV Kireyevski, PA Vyazemsky, KN Batiushkov, NM Karamzin (saib. Nikolai Mikhailovich portrait, pleev xim rau los ntawm Tropinin, hauv qab no) thiab lwm yam zoo heev sau ntawv ntawm peb lub teb chaws.

Nta ntawm kev sau ntawv thuam

Literature - kos duab rau ntawm lo lus, uas yog embodied nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, thiab nyob rau hauv nws hais lus rau kev sau ntawv thuam. Yog li ntawd, lub Lavxias teb sab critic, zoo li lwm yam, yeej ib txwm ib tug me ntsis thiab txawj sau ntawv, thiab artist. Tsab xov xwm sau ntawv nrog txuj ci, muaj tas haib fusion ntawm txawv ncaj ncees thiab philosophical reflections ntawm tus sau nrog sib sib zog nqus thiab hloov maj mam pom dua los ntawm cov artistic cov ntawv nyeem. Heev me ntsis pab tau txoj kev kawm muab ib tug tseem ceeb heev hauv tsab xov xwm, Yog hais tias noj raws li ib yam ntawm dogma, nws cov ntsiab cai. tag nrho cov hais no sau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txawj ntse thiab kev xav relive rau tus nyeem ntawv los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv uas muaj pov thawj cov lus muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm lawv, tau xav txog qhov logic ntawm kev xav. Thuam ntawm tej hauj lwm - tsis lub cim tshaj plaws.

Tus kheej lub zeem muag ntawm kev thuam

Critics - cov no yog cov neeg uas qhia lawv tus kheej lub zeem muag ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv, muab lawv tus kheej cim txhais lus ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm. Tsab xov xwm feem ntau ua rau re-txhais lub artistic duab, los yog nws yuav yog ib tug thuam ntawm cov phau ntawv. Ib txhia kwv thiab kev txiav txim tej zaum yuav skillfully sau ntawv mus ua hauj lwm tiag tiag foundations rau cov kev nyeem ntawv, tab sis ib yam dab tsi mas, rau peb debatable los yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Tshwj xeeb yog nthuav kev sib piv rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv, los yog ib tug ua hauj lwm los ntawm txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view. Literary thuam ib txwm pab peb muaj nplua nuj cov ntaub ntawv uas rau thought.

Lub richness ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev sau ntawv thuam

Peb yuav, piv txwv li, saib cov ua hauj lwm Pushkina Aleksandra Sergeevicha, VV ob lub qhov muag Rozanov, AA Grigorieva, VG Belinsky thiab IV Kireyevski, mus ntsib nrog rau txoj kev ntaus nqi txawv Gogol lub contemporaries nws zaj paj huam "tuag Souls" (critics VG Belinsky, SP Shevyrev, KS Aksakov), nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo kwv yees li heroes "Woe los ntawm wit "Griboyedov. Nws yog heev nthuav los sib piv lub xaav ntawm tus tshiab "Oblomov" Goncharova nrog txoj kev uas nws txhais DS Merezhkovsky thiab DI Pisarev. kawg portrait yog hais hauv qab no.

Cov khoom devoted mus rau tej hauj lwm ntawm haujlwm uas yog COy Tolstoy

Piv txwv li, ib tug heev interesting txawj thuam mob siab rau kev ua hauj lwm ntawm haujlwm uas yog COy Tolstoy. Muaj peev xwm mus qhia cov "kev coj dawb huv ntawm tus cuj pwm kev txiav txim zoo," "dialectics ntawm tus ntsuj plig" hero hauj lwm raws li ib tug yam ntxwv ntawm Tolstoy tus txuj ci, ib tug ntawm cov thawj qhib thiab cim NG Chernyshevsky nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom. Hais txog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm NN Strahov nplooj siab mus rau "ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb", peb yuav hais tag txoj cai: muaj ob peb tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub domestic kev sau ntawv thuam, uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau tom ntej no mus nws nyob rau ntawm qhov tob ntawm allergic rau hauv tus neeg sau txoj kev npaj, raws li cov ntsiab lus thiab cov neeg ntawm soj.

Lavxias teb sab thuam nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th

Nws yog noteworthy tias cov tshwm sim ntawm feem ntau acrimonious sib cav tswv yim thiab nyuaj quests Lavxias teb sab thuam tau nws cog lus rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua rau "rov qab" mus rau lub Pushkin Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, rau nws cov simplicity thiab kev sib raug zoo. VV Rozanov, tshaj tawm yuav tsum muaj cov no, nws sau hais tias cov siab ntawm Alexander tiv thaiv ib tug neeg los ntawm tag nrho cov ruam, nws ua siab dawb pub - los ntawm tag nrho cov hais lus phem.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s, muaj ib tug tshiab kev cai txaws. Cov tub hluas ntxhais lub xeev tom qab lub civil tsov rog tau, thaum kawg, lub sijhawm los tiag nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th txawj thuam yog yeej los ntawm lub formal tsev kawm ntawv. Nws lub ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev - Shklovsky, Tynyanov thiab Eichenbaum. Formalists, tsis tau tsoos zog uas ua lub thuam - lub socio-thoj, ncaj ncees, didactic - insisted on lub tswv yim ntawm lub ywj pheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv ua li ntawd, lawv tau ploj mus tiv thaiv lub prevailing nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm ntawm Marxist ideology. Yog li ntawd, tsim kev thuam maj tuaj mus rau qhov kawg. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, qhov kev txiav txim yog socialist realism. Thuam yuav nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm lub xeev punitive cuab tam. Nws twb saib xyuas thiab xa ncaj qha mus rau cov neeg sab nrauv. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov phau ntawv Magazine thiab ntawv xov xwm twb sib cais thiab kev thuam ntawm sab.

Niaj hnub no, ntawm chav kawm, qhov teeb meem no tau hloov radically.