Kev muaj feem xyuam rau cov tshuaj muaj organic, anions, cations

Zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau organic tshuaj, ions thiab cations yuav txiav txim seb lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam tebchaw siv cov muaj, nyob rau hauv feem ntau yooj yim txoj kev. Lawv tuaj yeem nqa nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntsuas, hydroxides, oxides. Science, uas kawm txog cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm ntau yam, yog hu ua "chemistry". Cov kev muaj feem xyuam yog ib feem ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm qhov kev kawm no.

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom tsis haum

Tag nrho cov khoom raug muab faib ua cov organic thiab inorganic. Mus rau thawj qhov chaw ntawm cov sib txuas xws li ntsev, hydroxides (bases, acids thiab amphoteric) thiab oxides, kuj sib txuas lus yooj yim (CI2, I2, H2 thiab lwm tus neeg uas muaj ib qho).

Salts muaj xws li ib lub cation ntawm ib tug hlau, thiab raws li ib tug anion ntawm ib tug acid residue. Cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov kua qaub hli muaj xws li cov tshuaj H + thiab cov anions ntawm cov kua qaub. Hydroxides muaj cov hlau thiab anion cations nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hydroxyl pawg OH-. Cov dej ntawm cov oxide muaj oxide muaj xws li cov tshuaj muaj ob hom tshuaj, ib qho ntawm lawv yog cov pa oxygen. Lawv tuaj yeem yog acidic, basic thiab amphoteric. Raws li lawv lub npe, lawv muaj peev xwm tsim cov chav kawm sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw hauv cov chav kawm. Yog li, acidic oxides hnov dej los tsim cov dej acids, thiab cov kua qaub thaum pib hauv paus. Amphoteric, nyob ntawm cov mob, tuaj yeem pom cov khoom ntawm ob hom oxides. Cov no muaj xws hlau, beryllium, txhuas, tin, chromium, txhuas. Lawv hydroxides kuj yog amphoteric. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog kev kuaj pom ntawm ntau hom tshuaj uas tsis muaj kab mob, cov khoom siv zoo rau cov ions.

Ntau yam ntawm cov organic

Cov pab pawg no suav cov tshuaj chiv keeb, uas nws cov khoom tsim muaj cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen. Lawv kuj muaj peev xwm oxygen atoms, nitrogen, sulfur thiab ntau lwm yam.

Lawv muaj subdivided rau hauv xws li cov hoob kawm: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, organic acids (nucleic, fatty, saturated, amino acids thiab lwm tus), aldehydes, proteins, nqaijrog, carbohydrates. Muaj ntau cov tshuaj muaj yees rau cov organic siv tau raug siv tawm ntau hom hydroxides. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj reagents xws li cov kab mob potassium permanganate, acids, oxides tuaj yeem siv rau qhov no.

Kev muaj feem xyuam rau cov organic

Lub xub ntiag ntawm alkanes yog txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj kev tshem tawm. Yog hais tias koj ntxiv poov tshuaj permanganate, nws tsis pom. Hlawv cov tshuaj no nrog cov nplaim taws xiav. Alkenes yuav kuaj tau los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm bromine dej los yog poov tshuaj permanganate. Ob qho tag nrho cov tshuaj no, thaum nrog lawv sib koom ua ke, ua rau lub cev tsis zoo. Lub xub ntiag ntawm phenol tuaj yeem txiav txim tau los ntawm kev ntxiv kev tov ntawm bromine. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yuav discolor thiab precipitate. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub xub ntiag ntawm no tshuaj yuav ntes tau siv ib tug daws ntawm ferric chloride, uas thaum interacted nrog nws yuav muab ib tug xim violet-xim av. Kev muaj feem xyuam rau cov tshuaj cawv ntawm hoob kawm ntawm cov cawv muaj xws li ntsev ntau ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv qhov no, hydrogen yuav raug tso tawm. Hlawv ntawm cov cawv muaj nrog ib lub teeb taws xiav.

Glycerin tuaj yeem kuaj tau nrog kev pab ntawm cuprum hydroxide. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, glycerates raug tsim, uas muab kev daws ib pob zeb diamondflower. Txiav txim xyuas qhov muaj cov aldehydes muaj peev xwm ua tau nrog kev pab ntawm argentum oxide. Vim tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, cov ntshiab argentum yog tso tawm, uas ua rau sai sai.

Muaj kuj yog ib tug zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau aldehyde, uas yog nqa tawm siv tooj liab hydroxide. Los tuav nws nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los ua kom sov sov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum hloov cov xim thawj zaug ntawm xiav rau daj, ces kom liab. Cov khoom noj muaj peev xwm kuaj tau siv nitrate acid. Yog li ntawd, ua ib qho daj tuaj sai sai. Yog tias koj ntxiv hydroxide kupruma, nws yuav ua ntshav. Zoo tshua rau organic tshuaj chav kawm ntawv ntawm acids yog ua siv litmus los yog hlau chloride. Hauv ob qho tib si, cov kua hloov xim kom liab. Yog tias sodium carbonate ntxiv, carbon dioxide yuav raug tso tawm.

Kev muaj feem xyuam rau cations

Nrog lawv cov kev pab, nws yog ib qho ua tau los mus txiav txim qhov muaj cov hlau hauv qhov kev daws ntawm ions. Cov kev muaj feem xyuam rau cov kua qaub (acidative reactions) muaj xws li cov tshuaj hu ua H +, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom. Qhov no yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: nrog litmus los yog methylorange. Thawj nyob rau hauv acid acid hloov nws cov xim rau liab, ob - rau liab.

Lithium, sodium thiab potassium cations tuaj yeem pom qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov nplaim taws. Thawj hlawv hauv liab, ob lub nrog daj, thiab lub thib peb nrog ib tus nplaim ntshav. Calcium ions yog kuaj tau los ntawm txoj kev ntxiv kev ntxiv carbonate ntsiab, uas ua rau ib tug dawb precipitate.

Kev muaj feem xyuam rau cov kab mob

Qhov feem ntau ntawm cov no yog qhov tshawb tau ntawm OH-, yog li koj tuaj yeem xyuas seb lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv txoj kev daws teeb meem. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ntsuas. Qhov phenolphthalein, methylorange, litmus. Keeb kwm nyob rau hauv no ib puag ncig acquires liab xim, lub thib ob - daj, peb - Blue.