Nickel - dab tsi yog nws? Cov khoom ntawm xee npe

Nws yog 1751 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv me me Sweden, ua tsaug rau tus kws tshawb fawb Axel Frederick Krondstedt, lub caij naj npawb 17 tshwm sim nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd tsuas muaj 12 hlau, ntxiv hnoos, phosphorus, carbon thiab arsenic. Lawv coj mus rau lawv lub tuam txhab tus neeg tuaj tshiab, lub npe mus rau nws - tus npes daj.

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Rau ntau xyoo ua ntej rau qhov no miraculous foundations ntawm yooj los ntawm Saxony twb paub lub ore, uas yuav yog yuam kev rau tooj liab ore. Kev sim ntxig tau tooj hlau los ntawm cov khoom siv no kuj tsis muaj dab tsi. Xav tias nws dag, lub ore pib hu ua "kupfernikel" (hauv Lavxias - "tooj liab dab ntxwg").

Qhov no ore txaus siab rau tus kws tshaj li ntawm Krondstedt cov zaub mov. Tom qab ua hauj lwm ntau, ib qho hlau tshiab tau tsim, uas hu ua tus nickel. Lub nplhaib rau kev tshawb nrhiav tau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm Bergman. Nws tshem cov hlau ntau heev thiab tuaj rau lub xaus tias no caij tsa hlau.

Lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm xee caj dab

Nickel yog nyob rau hauv kaum pab pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab yog nyob rau plaub lub sij hawm ntawm lub rooj thawm niaj thauv nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj atomic 28. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub rooj koj noj lub cim Ni, qhov no yog nickel. Nws muaj ib qho ntxoov ntxoo daj, ntawm lub hauv paus silvery. Txawm nyob rau hauv huab cua, lub hlau tsis ua tsaus muag. Khoom haum thiab haum. Nws lends nws tus kheej zoo rau forging, uas ua rau nws tau los ua cov khoom nyias nyias. Zoo kawg nkaus polished. Nickel tau rub tawm nrog lub hlau nplaum. Tab txawm nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm 340 degree nrog lub npe rho tawm, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cim nickel yog kuaj. Nickel yog ib qho hlau uas tiv taus qhov corrosion. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau qaug qaug tshuaj lom neeg. Ua li cas rau cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm xee npe?

Tshuaj lom neeg

Dab tsi yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim seb puas muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nickel? Ntawm no nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los ntawm cov npe (uas yog, lawv cov naj npawb) peb cov hlau muaj. Cov kab ntawv (tseem hu ua atomic mass) yog 58.6934 (g / mol). Cov kev ntsuas tau nce mus ntxiv. Lub vojvoog ntawm lub cev ntawm peb cov hlau yog 124 pm. Thaum ntsuas lub voj voog ntawm qhov ion, qhov tshwm sim pom (+ 2e) 69 pm, thiab tus naj npawb 115 pm yog cov lus teb rau cov lus qhia. Raws li lub nplhaib ntawm lub npe hu ua crystallograph thiab cov kws tshuaj Pauling, electronegativity yog 1.91, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog 0.25 V.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm huab cua thiab dej ntawm xee caj npab yog yuav luag negligible. Tib yam yuav hais tau hais txog alkali. Vim li cas cov hlau no ua li cas? NiO yog tsim los ntawm nws qhov chaw. Qhov no lo yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib zaj duab xis uas tsis oxidize. Yog hais tias tus xo nickel yog rhuab mus rau ib qho kub siab heev, ces nws pib hnov mob nrog oxygen, thiab kuj ua nrog halogens, nrog tag nrho.

Yog nickel tau rau nitric acid, ces qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsis cia koj tos. Nws kuj npaj txhij rau hauv cov ntsiab lus muaj ammonia.

Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov kua qaub ua rau nickel. Xws li cov acids, raws li hydrochloric thiab sulfuric, dissolve nws heev maj mam, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb. Thiab npaj siab yuav ua ib yam nrog cov npauj npaim hauv cov phosphoric acid tsis zoo rau txhua qhov.

Nickel nyob rau hauv qhov

Lub conjecture ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog tias lub hauv paus ntawm peb ntiaj chaw yog ib qho kev ua hlau uas muaj hlau muaj 90%, thiab xees yog 10 npaug me. Muaj cov ntsiab lus cobalt ntawm 0.6%. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev sib hloov, cov xaim hluav taws xob hauv tsev raug muab rho tawm mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb txheej txheej. Lawv yog cov founders ntawm sulphide tooj liab-nickel ores, ua ke nrog tooj liab, leej faj. Qee qhov ntau theem zog ntawm nickel tsis nres thiab thawb txoj kev ntxiv. Nyob rau saum npoo, lub atoms nrhiav nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab nrog chromium, magnesium, hlau. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg taug kev ntawm peb cov hlau tau oxidized thiab kaw.

Nyob rau ntawm lub ntiaj teb muaj cov pob zeb qaub thiab pob zeb ultrabasic. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov ntsiab lus ntawm xee npe hauv cov pob zeb hauv qaub qaum yog ntau dua li hauv cov pob zeb ultrabasic. Yog li ntawd, cov av thiab nroj tsuag muaj txaus txaus zoo enriched nrog nickel. Tab sis cov lus ntawm tus hero nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug nyob rau hauv lub biosphere thiab dej tsis yog li paub.

Nickel ores

Muaj nickel ores tau muab faib ua ob hom.

1. Copper-nickel sulfide. Minerals: magnesium, pyrrhotite, cubanite, milerite, petlandite, sperrylite - uas yog dab tsi yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov ores. Ua tsaug rau koj magma, uas tsim rau lawv. Ntawm sulphide ores, koj tuaj yeem tau txais palladium, kub thiab ntau ntxiv.
2. Nqaij ntsaws xaws pob zeb. Lawv xoob, zoo li av nplaum. Ores ntawm hom no yog glandular, siliceous, magnesian.

Qhov xaum yog siv qhov twg?

Nthuav dav, nickel yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam zoo li metallurgy. Namely, nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm alloys. Cov hlau txhuam tsuas yog muaj hlau, tooj liab thiab cobalt. Muaj ntau ntau cov phaj nyaj, uas yog raws li xee npe. Peb cov hlau yog koom ua ib qho kev ua ke, piv txwv li, nrog titanium, chromium, molybdenum. Nickel tseem siv los tiv thaiv cov khoom uas ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. Cov khoom no yog cov nickel plated, uas yog, lawv tsim tau tshwj xeeb npog npog uas tsis tso cai rau lawv cov lus rov qab.

Nickel yog ib qho zoo kawg nkaus catalyst. Yog li ntawd, nws yog nquag siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam chemical. Lawv yog cov cuab yeej, cov hlab ntsha, cov cuab yeej siv rau ntau cov ntawv. Kev siv tshuaj, khoom noj khoom haus, roj dej, roj ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb, cov cisterns thiab cov pob txha ntawm cov khoom siv nickel. Tsis muaj hlau no ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj nuclear technology, TV, ntau yam khoom, daim ntawv uas yog ntev heev.

Yog tias koj ntsia mus ua ib qho zoo li qhov cuab tam, thiab tom qab ntawd ces mus rau hauv qhov chaw kho tshuab, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov anodes thiab cathodes yog xauv tes npib. Thiab qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm xws li zoo tib yam hlau. Tsis txhob poob siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm xee caj pas hauv cov tshuaj.

Nickel hauv cov tshuaj

Nickel nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog siv ntau dav. Ua ntej, siv cov cuab yeej tsim nyog rau kev khiav hauj lwm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis yog ntawm tus kws kho mob nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntsuas uas nws ua haujlwm nrog. Cov seev yog raug rau ntau cov kab mob, thiab yog tias lawv tau ua los ntawm kev sib ntswg uas tsis muaj xee npe, qhov khoos phom yuav tsis ntev ntev. Thiab cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov hlau, uas muaj cov xees, ua haujlwm ntev.

Yog tias peb tham txog kev cog hniav, nickel alloys yog siv los ua rau lawv. Nickel-muaj hlau muaj ib theem siab ntawm lub zog. Kev kho rau kev kho pob txha, cov hniav cuav, ntsia hlau - txhua yam yog ua los ntawm cov hlau no. Hauv kev kho hniav kev kho hniav kuj tau tuav lawv txoj haujlwm. Kev Braces, stainless hlau kev zawm hniav yog siv los ntawm orthodontists.

Nickel hauv cov kab tsuag tsiaj

Yog tias koj saib lub ntiaj teb txij li hauv qab mus rau saum, ces daim duab looms zoo li no. Peb muaj av nyob hauv peb ko taw. Cov txheej txheem xee npe hauv nws yog qhov loj dua hauv cov nroj tsuag. Tab sis yog tias peb xav tias cov nroj tsuag no nyob rau hauv qhov kev tsim txiaj uas nyiam peb, ces cov ntsiab lus loj ntawm nickel nyob hauv cov taum. Thiab hauv cereals, qhov feem pua ntawm cov npib tsib xees tuaj.

Xav txog luv luv cov nickel cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov tsiaj marine thiab terrestrial. Thiab ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej. Kev ntsuas yog nyob ntawm feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav. Yog li, qhov loj ntawm npib tsib xee nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag 5 * 10 ^-5. Terrestrial tsiaj 1 * 10 ^-6, marine tsiaj 1.6 * 10 ^-4. Thiab Tib neeg npib tsib xee cov ntsiab lus 1-2 * 10 ^-6.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus npauj npaim hauv tib neeg lub cev

Tus neeg zoo thiab zoo nkauj xav tau ib txwm. Nickel yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nickel feem ntau yog accumulates nyob rau hauv lub ntsws, ob lub raum thiab siab. Accumulations ntawm xee caj npab hauv tib neeg tshwm sim hauv plaub hau, cov thyroid thiab pancreas. Thiab qhov no tsis yog tag nrho. Dab tsi yog hlau hauv lub cev? Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem xyuam xim hais tias nws yog ib tug npua, ib pob zeb, thiab ib tug yawg yog tus neeg twv txiaj. Namely:

• Tsis yog yam uas tsis muaj kev vam meej, sim pab muab hlwb nrog pa taws;
• Oxidation-txo kev ua hauj lwm hauv cov ntaub so ntswg kuj ntog rau ntawm lub xub pwg nyom ntawm xee npe;
• Tsis txhob ua siab deb los koom nrog cov kev cai ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub cev hormonal;
• Kev xyuam xim oxidizes vitamin C;
• Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias nws kev koom tes hauv cov metabolism ntawm cov rog;
• Txig xim nickel influences hemopoiesis.

Kuv xav nco ntsoov qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nickel nyob rau hauv lub cell. Qhov no microelement tiv thaiv cell membrane thiab nucleic acids, uas yog lawv siv.

Txawm hais tias daim ntawv teev cov kev tsim nyog ua haujlwm ntawm xee caj npab tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv. Los ntawm cov saum no, peb nco ntsoov tias tus mob nickel yog tsim nyog rau lub cev. Qhov no micronutrient nkag peb lub cev los ntawm cov khoom noj. Feem ntau, cov npauj npaim hauv lub cev txaus, vim nws xav tau me ntsis. Lub tswb nrov ntawm peb cov hlau deficiency yog cov tsos ntawm dermatitis. Qhov no yog qhov nqi ntawm tus npauj npaim hauv tib neeg lub cev.

Nickel alloys

Nws muaj ntau ntau yam nickel cov phom ntev. Peb hais txog lub ntsiab peb pawg.

Thawj pab pawg muaj xws li cov xaws xaim tooj liab thiab tooj liab. Cov npe hu ua "nickel-copper alloys". Nyob rau hauv txawm tias feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus no, qhov tshwm sim yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Homogeneous alloy yog guaranteed. Yog tias nws muaj ntau tooj dua nickel, ces cov khoom ntawm tooj liab yog ntau tshaj qhia, thiab yog tias cov nickel predominates, qhov kev ua yeeb yam qhia tau hais tias cov cim nickel.

Nickel-tooj liab alloys yog nrov nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm npib, tshuab qhov chaw. Lub Constantine alloy, uas yuav luag 60% ntawm tooj, thiab tus so ntawm nickel, yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv ntau dua.

Xav txog kev sib ntaus nrog nickel thiab chromium. Nichrome. Tiv thaiv kom corrosion, acids, tshav kub resistant. Xws li cov hlab ntaws no yog siv rau cov cav hlau, cov reactors nuclear, tab sis tsuas yog lawv muaj txog li 80% cov roj hmab.

Peb npaj mus rau lub thib peb pab pawg neeg alloys. Nws alloys nrog hlau. Muab faib ua 4 hom.

1. Kub cua txias - resistant mus rau high kub. Cov hlau no muaj cov npib tsib 50%. Ntawm no ua ke nrog tau nrog molybdenum, titanium, txhuas.
2. Sib nqus - ua rau cov hlau nplaum sib txuas, feem ntau siv hluav taws xob engineering.
3. Anticorrosive - tsis muaj cov hlau no tsis tuaj yeem ua nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab thaum ua haujlwm hauv kev txhoj puab heev. Cov phom muaj molybdenum.
4. Ib qho kev phom uas khaws nws cov me me thiab elasticity. Thermocouple nyob rau hauv qhov cub. Nws nyob ntawm no hais tias xws li ib qho kev sib ntaus. Thaum rhuab, qhov ntev ntawm qhov ntev nyob twj ywm, thiab lub elasticity yog tsis poob. Tus nickel ntau npaum li cas yuav tsum muaj kev txhuam nrog cov khoom zoo li no? Cov hlau hauv cov hlau yuav tsum yog 40%.

Nickel nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej

Yog tias koj saib ib puag ncig koj tuaj yeem to taub tias cov yeeb yam nickel puag ncig ib tug neeg nyob txhua qhov chaw. Cia peb pib nrog cov rooj tog. Lub hlau txhuam kev tiv thaiv cov rooj tog hauv paus los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, tsim kev puas tsuaj. Cia kom them nyiaj rau cov khoom siv. Tab sis ntawm qhov rais, tsawg kawg rau cov rooj tog zaum. Nws yuav siv tau ntev thiab zoo nkaus li zoo nkauj heev. Cia peb mus txuas ntxiv mus rau chav dej. Yog tsis muaj npauj npaim no. Tshem cov tais, kais dej, kais dej - tag nrho cov xim xees. Ua tsaug rau qhov no koj tuaj yeem tsis hnov qab qhov kev txhuam qhov twg. Thiab tsis txhob txaj muag saib cov khoom, vim nws zoo li ntxim hlub thiab txhawb cov kev dai hniav. Cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov xaws npo muaj nyob hauv cov vaj tse zoo nkauj.

Nickel tsis tau hu ua lwm yam hlau. Ntau cov zaub mov thiab cov kaus hniav tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm khav tau lub xub ntiag ntawm cov npauj npaim. Kuv zoo siab tias ib lub caij muaj nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb thiab txawm nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev. Ntawm no nws plays tsis kawg lub violin nyob rau hauv hematopoietic kev tsim thiab txawm nyob rau hauv DNA. Kev siv ntau hauv engineering. Tus nickel tau nws cov primacy tsaug nws tshuaj lom neeg kuj nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm coatings.

Nickel yog ib lub hlau nrog lub neej yav tom ntej. Tom qab tag nrho, hauv qee qhov chaw, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb.