Hlau tebchaw. Kho vajtse: lub cev thiab tshuaj zog

Tus thawj cov khoom ntawm hlau thiab nws alloys tau pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations thiab hnub los txog lub 4 xyoo txhiab BC. Hais tias yog, los ntawm lub ancient Egyptians thiab Sumerians siv meteoric deposits ntawm lub substance los tsim hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab tsev neeg cov khoom, raws li zoo raws li riam phom.

Niaj hnub no, ntau hom hlau tebchaw thiab ntshiab hlau - qhov no yog feem ntau thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv uas. Tsis muaj lub zem XX xyoo pua hlau mas suav hais tias. Tseeb, kom txog thaum lub advent thiab ntau yas thiab cov ntaub ntawv, qhov no compound yog decisive tseem ceeb rau tib neeg. Yuav ua li cas yog lub active caij thiab uas ntaub ntawv lub substance, peb xav txog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no.

Tshuaj caij hlau

Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov atom, nws yuav tsum xub qhia kom meej nws qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub periodic system.

1. Serial tooj - 26.
2. Lub sij hawm - lub plaub coob.
3. Pab pawg neeg cov Yim, cov pab pawg sib tw.
4. Atomic hnyav - 55,847.
5. Tus qauv ntawm lwm hluav taws xob zoo li denoted los ntawm mis 3d ⁶ 4s ^2.
6. Tshuaj caij cim - Fe.
7. Npe - hlau, nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv cov mis - "Ferrum".
8. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj plaub ruaj khov isotopes ntawm lub caij nrog huab hwm coj tus xov tooj 54, 56, 57, 58.

Tshuaj caij hlau kuj muaj txog 20 txawv isotopes uas tsis ruaj khov. Tau oxidation uas muaj peev xwm muaj active atom:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 6.

Tseem ceeb yog tsis tau tsuas yog lub caij nws tus kheej, tab sis kuj nws cov ntau lub tebchaw thiab alloys.

lub zog

Raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, hlau lub zog muaj ib tug qhia tau metallism. Hais tias yog, nyiaj-dawb nrog grey zas hlau muaj siab malleability thiab ductility thiab siab melting thiab kub cov ntsiab lus. Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov yam ntxwv rau ntau yam, ces:

• Melting point - 1 539 ⁰ C;
• Boiling - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Kev ua - nruab nrab;
• refractoriness - siab;
• teev cov lus hais sib nqus.

Nyob rau hauv lub mob thiab kub, muaj ntau ntau kev hloov kho uas tas hlau. Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lawv txawv los ntawm lub fact tias ntau crystalline lattice.

1. Lub alpha daim ntawv no, los yog ib tug ferrite tshwm sim rau ib tug kub ntawm 769 ⁰ C.
2. Los ntawm 769 rau 917 ⁰ C - beta daim ntawv.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - gamma-daim ntawv no, los yog austenite.
4. Saum toj no 1394 ⁰ C - sigma hlau.

Tag nrho cov kev hloov kho muaj ntau siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv hom, raws li zoo raws li txawv sib nqus.

tshuaj zog

Raws li hais saum toj no, ib tug yooj yim hlau compound exhibits siab reactivity. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv finely faib daim ntawv muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm nthawv zes nyob rau hauv huab cua thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab cov pa kub nyhiab cov hlau nws tus kheej.

Corrosion muaj peev xwm yog siab, yog li lub alloys them los ntawm no substance alloying tebchaw. Hlau muaj peev xwm mus nrog:

• acids;
• oxygen (xws li huab cua);
• leej faj;
• halogens;
• thaum rhuab - nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon thiab silicon;
• ntsev nrog tsawg reactive co, es kom lawv yooj yim tshuaj;
• mob chav;
• nrog ntsev ntawm hlau nyob rau hauv lub oxidation xeev +3.

Kom meej meej, displaying xws ua si, nws yog muaj peev xwm mus tsim ntau yam hlau tebchaw thiab ncov qaumteb qabteb varied nyob rau hauv lub zog. Thiab yog li ntawd nws tshwm sim. Hlau thiab nws cov tebchaw yog cov tsis tshua varied thiab siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm science, technology, tib neeg muaj kev ua si.

Faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Ntuj sib txuas ntawm hlau yog heev, vim hais tias nws yog tus thib ob feem ntau lub caij hauv ntiaj teb no tom qab txhuas. Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlau nws yog tsis tshua muaj heev nyob rau hauv meteorites, cim tias seb thaum nws loj pawg nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Lub ib thooj ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog muaj nyob rau hauv ores, pob zeb thiab lwm yam minerals tawm.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov feem pua ntawm cov caij nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws tseem tau mus pabneeg nram qab no cov nuj nqis.

1. Lub nuclei ntawm lub terrestrial planets - 90%.
2. Lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab - 5%.
3. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb mantle - 12%.
4. Lub ntiaj teb tus ntxhais - 86%.
5. Tus dej dej - 2 mg / L.
6. Nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv - 0,02 mg / l.

Feem ntau daim ntawv ntawm hlau tebchaw nram qab no minerals:

• magnetite;
• limonite thiab limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nws yog deb tsis yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev, vim hais tias lawv yog tiag tiag heev npaum li cas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, dav txawv alloys uas yog tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej. Qhov no, dhau lawm, xws hlau tebchaw, tsis muaj uas nws yog nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam lub neej niaj hnub neeg. Cov no muaj xws rau ob qho loj hom:

• cam khwb cia hlau;
• hlau.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug tseem ceeb ntxiv ntawm hlau nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm ntau npib tsib xee alloys.

hlau tebchaw (II)

Cov no muaj xws cov neeg nyob rau hauv uas cov oxidation lub xeev yog +2 txoj kev caij. Lawv yog cov txaus heev heev, vim hais tias lawv muaj xws li:

• oxide;
• hydroxide;
• binary compound;
• complex ntsev;
• complex tebchaw.

Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw uas sau hais tias hlau oxidation lub xeev rau txhua chav kawm ntawv ntawm ib tug neeg. Xav txog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab ntau sawv daws yuav.

1. Hlau oxide (II). Dub hmoov, insoluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Qhov xwm ntawm kev twb kev txuas - lub ntsiab yooj. Yuav sai sai oxidize, txawm li cas los, thiab txo kom ib tug yooj yim tshuaj tseem yooj yim. Nws dissolves nyob acid tsim cov coj ntsev. Formula - FeO.
2. Hlau hydroxide (II). Nws yog ib tug dawb amorphous precipitate. Ntsev tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog bases (alkali). Exhibits muaj zog yooj yim zog, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm sai oxidized nyob rau hauv huab cua rau hlau tebchaw yog +3. Formula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Ntsev caij nyob rau hauv hais tias oxidation. Lawv yog cov feem ntau yog daj ntseg-ntsuab tshuaj yog zoo oxidized txawm nyob rau hauv huab cua, tau txais tsaus nti xim av xim thiab dua mus rau 3. Lub hlau ntsev yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Piv txwv ntawm lub tebchaw: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (TSIS MUAJ _{3) 2.}

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov uas sau tias tshuaj muaj ntau tebchaw. Ua ntej, hlau chloride (II). Nws yog lub ntsiab khoom ntawm ions nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, tus neeg mob lub anemia. Thaum tus kab mob no thiaj paub tias yog nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg mob, nws muab txoj kev npaj, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Yog li ntawd, yog replenishment ntawm hlau tsis muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Secondly, hlau sulfate, i.e. ferrous sulfate (II), nrog tooj liab yog siv los tua kab rau cov qoob loo. Cov kev qhia tias peb yuav zoo tsis yog thawj zaug teb xyoo, li ntawd nws yog heev menyuam los ntawm gardeners.

Mohr lub ntsev

Qhov no compound, uas yog ib tug hydrated hlau sulfate thiab ammonium. Formula nws kaw li FeSO ₄ * (NH _{4) 2} li ₄ * 6H ₂ O. ib ntawm cov hlau tebchaw (II), uas tau lug siv nyob rau hauv xyaum. Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm qhov kev siv yuav tsum yuav tus txiv neej.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kuaj titrimetric tsom xam (los mus txiav txim cov ntsiab lus ntawm chromium, poov tshuaj permanganate, vanadium).
3. Tshuaj - raws li ib tug additive nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv shortage ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob.
4. Rau lub impregnation ntawm cov ntoo khoom, raws li Mohr lub ntsev tiv thaiv lwj dab.

Nws muaj lwm yam chaw nyob rau hauv uas lub yam khoom uas yog siv. Nws lub npe nws yog muaj npe tom qab German chemist, thawj sab cov khoom tshaaj.

Tshuaj nrog ib tug degree ntawm oxidation ntawm hlau (III)

Lub zog ntawm cov hlau tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas nws exhibits ib tug degree ntawm oxidation ntawm +3, yog sib txawv dog dig los ntawm cov neeg pom tau hais tias saum toj no. Yog li, qhov xwm ntawm tus coj oxide thiab hydroxide yog tsis yooj yim thiab amphoteric qhia. Cia peb piav qhia txog cov tswv yim yooj tshuaj.

1. Hlau oxide (III). Hmoov zoo-grained, reddish-xim av xim. Cov dej insoluble, weakly acidic qhia tau hais tias cov khoom ntau amphoteric. Formula: Fe ₂ O _3.
2. Hlau hydroxide (III). Ib tug tshuaj uas precipitate thaum lub sij hawm lub kev txiav txim ntawm alkalis mus rau lub sib nug xov hlau ntsev. Qhov xwm ntawm nws cov lus hais rau amphoteric, xim xim av-xim av. Formula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Ntsev uas muaj xws li ntawv Fe ^3+. Tej plurality faib, tsuas yog carbonate, raws li hydrolysis tshwm sim thiab ua cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Piv txwv ntawm ib co ntsev ntawm mis: Fe (TSIS MUAJ _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (LI NTAWD _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Ntawm cov piv txwv nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim cov ntsiab lus uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb xws crystalline li FeCL _{3 *} 6H ₂ O, los yog ferric chloride hexahydrate (III). Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj kom tsis txhob los ntshav thiab replenishment ntawm hlau ions nyob rau hauv lub cev nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob ntawm anemia.

Nonahydrate hlau sulfate (III) yog siv rau cov kev huv huv ntawm cov dej haus, raws li kev raws li ib tug coagulant.

hlau tebchaw (VI)

Formula tshuaj tebchaw ntawm hlau, qhov twg nws manifests ib tug kev oxidation xeev + 6, tej zaum yuav sau raws li nram no:

• K ₂ FeO _4;
• Na ₂ FeO _4;
• MgFeO ₄ thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lawv tag nrho cov muaj ib lub npe - ferrates - thiab muaj zoo xws li cov zog (muaj zog kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj). lawv kuj tau mus Tsau tshuaj rau cov thiab muaj ib tug bactericidal nyhuv. Qhov no pub rau lawv siv rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cov dej haus nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj scale.

complex tebchaw

Heev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv analytical Science News for KIDS, thiab tsis tsuas yog tshwj xeeb tshuaj. Xws li hais tias daim ntawv nyob rau hauv aqueous ntsev daws teeb meem. Qhov no txoj compound ntawm hlau. Cov feem nrov thiab zoo-kawm ntawm cov no yog cov nram qab no.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) poov tshuaj K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. Lwm lub npe rau cov kev twb kev txuas - daj ntshav ntsev. Nws yog siv rau cov zoo kev txiav txim ntawm hlau ion nyob rau hauv cov kua Fe ^3+. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj yuav zoo nkauj kaj xiav xim tau tsim los ntawm lwm txoj - Prussian xiav KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Txij ancient sij hawm siv raws li ib tug zas xim rau daim ntaub.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) poov tshuaj K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. Lwm lub npe - ntshav liab ntsev. Siv raws li ib tug zoo kev txiav txim reagent Fe ²⁺ hlau ions. Cov no ib tug xiav precipitate muaj lub npe turnbuleva xiav. Nws twb tseem siv raws li ib tug zas xim rau ntaub.

Hlau yog ib feem ntawm cov organic tshuaj

Hlau thiab nws cov tebchaw yog, raws li peb tau pom, yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tswv yim tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub neej economic ntawm tus neeg. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws lom luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev yog tsis tsawg kawg thiab, heev qhov tsis tooj.

Muaj yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev organic compound, ib tug protein, uas muaj xws li lub active caij. Qhov no hemoglobin. Nws yog ua tsaug rau nws yuav mus nyob rau lub thauj ntawm cov pa thiab ua yam thiab raws sij hawm pauv ntawm roj cua. Yog li ntawd, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv tseem ceeb heev dab - ua tsis taus pa - yog loj loj.

Cia li hauv tib neeg lub cev muaj txog 4 grams ntawm hlau, uas yuav tsum tau tas li Iwj los ntawm cov zaub mov noj.