Classical science ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm

– одна из важнейших эпох в истории. Classic theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb eras nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Nws tso nyiaj rau 17-19 caug xyoo. Qhov no yog qhov era ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws discoveries thiab inventions. . Lom zem ntau ua tsaug rau lub achievements ntawm zaum nws yog ntshai raws li ib tug classic theem ntawm science. Nyob rau hauv no era ntawm txoj kev paub ntawm cov qauv nws tso. . Cia peb xav txog ntxiv dab tsi yog qhov kev kawm ntawm cov classical lub sij hawm.

theem

началось с формирования механистической картины мира. Tsim kom muaj classical science pib nrog lub tsim ntawm lub mechanistic daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. lub tswv yim twb pw nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm nws hais tias cov kev cai ntawm physics, mechanics thov tsis tsuas mus rau cov ib puag ncig, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam spheres, nrog rau cov tuam txhab kev ua ub no. формировалась постепенно. Classical science twb tsim maj. Tus thawj theem muaj 17-18 centuries. Nws yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub foundations ntawm Newton txoj kev cai gravitation thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm nws ua tau los ntawm European kws tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob theem - nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th thiab thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo. - pib lub ntau yam ntawm science. Nws twb conditioned los ntawm muaj revolutions.

nta

обладает следующими специфическими чертами: Classical science muaj cov nram qab kev nta:

1. Raws li ib tug tseem ceeb cheeb tsam ntawm kev paub advocated physics. Zaum no yog ntawm lub tswv yim hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev qhuab qhia no yog raws li tag nrho cov lwm yam lus qhia, tsis tsuas ntuj tab sis kuj humanitarian. Newtonian physics considers lub ntiaj teb no raws li ib tug mechanism aggregate cov ntaub ntawv uas lub cev, uas nws cov lus tsa suab yog tswj hwm los ntawm nruj ntuj kev cai. Xws li ib tug to taub txog dab tsi tshwm sim kis mus rau sociological dab.
2. Lub ntiaj teb no twb pom raws li ib tug txheej ntawm rog ntawm repulsion thiab attraction. представляла как перемещение элементов вещества, лишенных качественных особенностей. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem, nrog rau kev sib raug zoo, classical science ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm tuaj raws li lub zog ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov teeb meem, devoid ntawm qhov zoo nta. Xub nyob rau hauv txoj kev pib kom tau laij, leej ntsuam tau teem rau.
3. нового времени формировалась на собственной основе. Classical niaj hnub science hloov zuj zuj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej hauv paus. Nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kev cai dab qhuas cwj pwm, thiab cia siab rau thiaj tau tuaj nyob rau hauv nws tshawb pom.
4. на сложившуюся в эпоху Средневековья систему образования. Classical philosophy ntawm science cuam tshuam rau tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog kawm system. Uas twb muaj lawm universities pib mus ntxiv tshwj xeeb Polytechnic tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev kawm raug tsim los ntawm ib tug txawv tswvyim. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw twb deduced mechanics, ces taug kev mus physics thiab Science News for KIDS, ib thiab Sociology.

Cov hnub nyoog ntawm Enlightenment

Nws ntog rau lub 17th thaum xaus ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo. находилась под влиянием идей Ньютона. Rau ntawm no theem ntawm classical science yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm Newton lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, nws yuav raug nplua pov thawj tias lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog kuaj nyob rau hauv terrestrial tej yam kev mob, - nws yog tib yam dag zog yuam uas ua rau cov ntiaj chaw nyob rau hauv orbit thiab lwm yam xilethi-aus lub cev. Muaj ntau kws tshawb fawb tau tuaj mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm universal pib thiab ua ntej Newton. Txawm li cas los, qhov uas rau tom kawg dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws muaj peev xwm articulate siv quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tsis pub dhau lub daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov no qauv yog tus puag kom txog thaum lub 19th caug xyoo. Txawv twb sib tw los ntawm Einstein thiab Bohr. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv particular, muaj pov thawj hais tias thaum cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb thiab loj mus yam ntxwv megaworld, qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm, raws li tau zoo raws li ncaj qha thiab loj lub cev tsis ua raws li Newton txoj kev cai. Boron, paub microcosm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav uas elementary hais kuj tsis thov cov kev cai muab ua ntej lawm. Lawv tus cwj pwm yuav kwv yees thiaj tau tuaj nyob rau hauv raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov muaj tseeb.

rationalist worldview

. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, uas muaj classical science. Nyob rau hauv Enlightenment nyob rau hauv lub minds ntawm zaum thov rationalize ntiaj teb no raws li txwv mus kev cai dab qhuas (raws li nyob rau hauv dogma). Nws twb ntseeg tau tias lub ntug kev loj hlob hais raws li cov kev cai txais tau tsuas rau nws. Lub tswv yim ntawm tej self-sufficiency tau muaj pov thawj nyob rau hauv lub "xilethi-aus mechanics" ntawm Laplace. Phau Vajlugkub xyoo "Encyclopedia ntawm Crafts, Arts and Sciences", tsim los ntawm Rousseau, Voltaire thiab Diderot.

"Kev txawj ntse - quab yuam"

Thaum lub sij hawm Enlightenment, science tau suav hais tias yog feem ntau prestigious txoj hauj lwm. Nqaij npuas kib yog tus sau ntawm tus naas ej lus hais tias "txawj ntse - quab yuam". Nws paub tseeb hais tias cov saib nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tus neeg uas cov tib neeg txawj ntse thiab kev kawm tau ntau yam zoo. Qhov no mentality tau txais lub npe ntawm kev sib raug thiab txawj ntse optimism. Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, ntau kev utopias tsim. Yuav luag tam sim ntawd tom qab ntawv ntawm T. Mora, muaj phau ntawv ntawm T. Campanella, Francis Bacon. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem ua hauj lwm, "Tus Tshiab Atlantis" twb xub teem tawm lub project rau lub xeev lub koom haum. – Петти - сформулировал исходные принципы познания в сфере хозяйственной деятельности. Qhov tus tsim ntawm classical economics - Petty - formulated tej ntsiab cai ntawm kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub cheeb ntawm nyiaj txiag kev ua si. Nws npaj txoj kev rau xam lub teb chaws khwv tau los. рассматривала богатство, как гибкую категорию. Classical economics yog suav tias yog wealth, raws li ib tug saj zawg zog qeb. Nyob rau hauv kev, Petty hais tias cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tus pas ntsuas nyob rau tus nqi ntawm cov kev pab ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem. Raws li, qhov ntau lawv yuav muaj nqi, qhov ntau koj yuav sau se los ntawm lawv.

institutionalization

Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Enlightenment es nquag. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm no point pib coj zoo ib classical koom haum ntawm lub science system, uas tseem tshwm sim niaj hnub no. Thaum lub sij hawm Enlightenment sawv tshwj xeeb tsev uniting kev tshawb fawb. Lawv hu ua Academies ntawm Sciences. Nyob rau hauv 1603 muaj ib lub thawj xws lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog tus Roman Academy. Raws li ib tug ntawm nws cov thawj neeg Galileo ua. Nws yog hais tias tsis ntev nws yog Academy defended cov kev qhia ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tuaj. Nyob rau hauv 1622 ib tug zoo li lub tsev kawm ntawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv ces. Nyob rau hauv 1703 lub taub hau ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Academy los ua Newton. Nyob rau hauv 1714 nws tau los ua ib tug txawv teb chaws neeg ntawm tub huabtais Menshikov, Peter lub Great mus. Nyob rau hauv 1666 nws tau nrhiav tau Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Nws cov tswv cuab xaiv heev dua lwm yam los ntawm daim ntawv cog lus nrog tus huab tais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub huab tais (thaum lub sij hawm nws yog Louis XIV) pom ib tug tus kheej txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm lub Academy. Txawv teb chaws-neeg raug xaiv nyob rau hauv 1714, Peter nws tus kheej ua ntej. Nrog nws them nyiaj yug, nyob rau hauv 1725, ib tug zoo li lub tsev kawm ntawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv Russia. Raws li cov thawj ntawm nws cov tswv cuab raug xaiv los ntawm cov Bernoulli (a biologist thiab mathematician) thiab Euler (mathematician). Tom qab ntawd, lub Academy txais lawm thiab Lomonosov. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kuv pib nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv universities. Tshwj xeeb universities pib los mam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1747 lub Mining tsev kawm ntawv twb qhib nyob rau hauv Paris. Ib tug zoo xws li cov tsev nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 1773

specialization

Raws li ib tug ntxiv pov thawj ntawm kev txhim kho lub koom haum ntawm lub science system nyob rau hauv dej tshwm sim ntawm tej cheeb tsam ntawm kev paub. Lawv yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev tshawb fawb cov kev pab cuam. Nws xav tias I. Latkatos, nyob rau hauv no era tsim lub 6 tseem ceeb. Raws li nws nqa tawm txoj kev tshawb no:

1. Ntau hom ntawm lub zog.
2. Metallurgical ntau lawm.
3. Hluav taws xob.
4. Tshuaj dab.
5. Biology.
6. Astronomy.

Lub ntsiab tswv yim

Dua li ntawm qhov haum active ntau yam zoo nyob rau hauv hav zoov rau heev ib cov classic science system, nws tseem khaws ib tug tej yam kev ua raws li tej kev methodological tiam sis thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm rationality. Lawv, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, pab cov ideological raws li txoj cai. Cov no nta yog cov nram no:

1. Qhov kawg qhia qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv lub meej kawg daim ntawv no, tsis yog nyob ntawm seb qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev paub. Xws li ib tug txhais lus yog tsis txhaum raws li ib tug methodological yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv dab thiab piav txog cov idealized theoretical pawg (lub dag lub zog, cov ntaub ntawv uas tus taw tes, thiab thiaj li nyob) uas tau npaj los hloov tiag tiag cov khoom thiab cov kev sib raug.
2. Installation nyob rau unambiguous causal piav qhia ntawm cov txheej xwm, thiab cov txheej txheem. Nws cais raws li qhov yuav ua thiab random yam, uas twb pom li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsis tiav kev txawj ntse, raws li zoo raws li subjective coj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus.
3. Cov kev rho tawm los ntawm lub scientific ntsiab lus teb yog subjective thiab koj tus kheej hais peculiar rau nws txhais tau tias thiab modalities ntawm kev siv ntawm kev tshawb fawb kev ua ub no.
4. Txhais lus los ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev txawj ntse raws li tej yam yooj yim systems, ua raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm qhov zoo li qub immutability thiab nws tseem ceeb yam ntxwv.

Classical thiab uas tsis yog-classical science

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th - thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo, lub tswv yim ntawm cov saum toj no tau raug dav paub. Tsim nyob rau hauv lawv lub hauv paus lub classical daim ntawv ntawm scientific rationality. Nws twb assumed tias daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog ua tau thiab siab justified. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, koj yuav tsuas tau cais puab thiab nqaij tawm ib co ntawm nws cov Cheebtsam. Txawm li cas los, keeb kwm tau pov tseg dog dig txawv. Qhov no era twb cim los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm discoveries tias nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev haum mus rau hauv daim duab ntawm kev muaj tiag muaj. Bor, Thompson, Becquerel, Dirac, Einstein, Broglie, Planck, Heisenberg, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam zaum revolutionized physics. Lawv tau muaj pov thawj yuav tsum muaj unsoundness ntawm tus tsim mechanistic science. Los ntawm lub dag zog ntawm cov zaum tau pw lub hauv paus rau ib tug tshiab quantum-relativistic kev muaj tiag. Yog li ntawd, science tau tsiv mus rau ib tug tshiab uas tsis yog-classical theem. Qhov no era lasted kom txog thaum lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, muaj ib tug series ntawm revolutionary kev hloov nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau hauv physics tsim quantum thiab relativistic theories nyob rau hauv cosmology - lub hom phiaj ntawm uas tsis yog-nyob ruaj ruaj ntug. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm noob caj noob ces tau muab ib tug tshaj dhau hloov nyob rau hauv lub lom paub. Systems kev tshawb xav, cybernetics tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab mus rau tsim ntawm uas tsis yog-classical paintings. Tag nrho cov no tau coj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub frontal tswv yim nyob rau hauv industrial technology thiab kev xyaum.

Lub essence ntawm lub kiv puag ncig

– естественные явления, возникшие в ходе становления и расширения системы. Classical thiab uas tsis yog-classical science - tej yam ntuj tso phenomena sawv thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab expansion ntawm lub system. Cov kev hloov los ntawm ib tug era mus rau lwm yuav tsum tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab daim ntawv ntawm rationality. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, qhov kev sib liam commission ntawm lub kiv puag ncig rau lub ntiaj teb no scale. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov "lub cev" ntawm cognition muab mus rau ib tug kawm. Classical science tshawb fawb kev muaj tiag yog to taub raws li ib tug kwv. Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm uas twb muaj lawm tswv yim ntawm kev txawj ntse tsis yog nyob ntawm seb qhov kev kawm rau cov tej yam kev mob thiab txhais tau tias ntawm txoj kev. Lub nonclassical qauv raws li ib tug tseem ceeb yuav tsum kom tau ib tug yeej muaj tseeb piav qhia ntawm kev muaj tiag ua accounting thiab explication kev sib tshuam ntawm tus kwv thiab cov txhais tau tias los ntawm uas nws yog nqa cognition. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws hloov lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm. Subject paub tsis suav tias yog li tsis hom phiaj kev muaj tiag, thiab raws li nws cov kev hlais los ntawm cov plaub predetermined txoj kev, cov ntaub ntawv, txhais tau tias txoj kev tshawb no.

Classical, nonclassical thiab post-nonclassical science

Txij li thaum lub 60s ntawm lub xeem tiam pib txoj kev hloov mus rau ib tug qualitatively tshiab rau theem. Science tau tuaj mus rau kis tau ib cov postnonclassical (niaj hnub) nta. Rau ntawm no theem ntawm lub kiv puag ncig coj qhov chaw ncaj qha nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm kev txawj ntse ua ub no. Nws twb conditioned los ntawm radical hloov nyob rau hauv txoj kev thiab txhais tau tias ntawm tau, ua, cia, kis tau tus mob thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas paub. Yog hais tias peb xav txog postnonclassical science nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov kev hloov hom rationality, nws ho txhab lub Scope ntawm methodological thiaj yuav nyob rau kev sib raug zoo rau tus yuam sij tsis thiab lub yam ntxwv Cheebtsam ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb kev ua ub no. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub pre-uas twb muaj lawm systems, nws yuav tsum tau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev sib tshuam thiab mediations ntawm kev txawj ntse tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov kev ua hauj lwm thiab cov nyiaj kev tshawb fawb kawm, tab sis kuj muaj nqis-kev tso siab yam, uas yog, nrog lub socio-cultural tom qab ntawm lub keeb kwm ntu raws li ib tug tiag tiag ib puag ncig. Tsis-classical paradigm yuav siv cov methodological regulators nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov Relativity rau cov txhais tau tias ntawm soj, statistical thiab probabilistic xwm ntawm kev txawj ntse complementarity ntawm ntau yam khoom piav qhia hom lus. Cov niaj hnub qauv ntawm lub system yog tus coj hauv kev soj ntsuam rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov tsim ntawm tshwm sim, kev txhim kho ntawm yus tus kheej lub koom haum dab nyob rau hauv lub knowable kev muaj tiag. Nws yuav kawm txog cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib cov keeb kwm foundations, noj mus rau hauv tus account lub koom, synergistic los ntawm lawv cov kev sis raug zoo thiab coexistence. Tus yuam sij ua hauj lwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb yog tus theoretical reconstruction ntawm cov txheej xwm raws li deb raws li cov kev khwv ntawm nws mediations thiab kev sib txuas. Nws muab ib tug systematic thiab holistic ua si ntawm daim duab txheej txheem nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm science.

Lub specifics ntawm cov niaj hnub qauv

Nws yog hais tias piav tag nrho cov tseem ceeb ntsuas ntawm lub hom phiaj teb postnonclassical science tsis yooj yim sua. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nws yuav faib nws txoj kev kawm cov kev pab thiab cov kev siv zog yuav luag tag nrho cov spheres ntawm kev muaj tiag, xws li lub socio-cultural system, xwm, ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev puas hlwb tus kheej. Postnonclassical science kawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cosmic evolution, cov tib neeg cov teeb meem ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog cov biosphere, lub rov tshwm sim ntawm advanced technologies thiab los ntawm nanoelectronics rau Neuro-computers, lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb no evolutionism thiab co-evolution, thiab ntau npaum li cas. Rau cov niaj hnub qauv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ua hauj lwm ua kom pom tseeb thiab teeb meem-taw qhia kom paub nrhiav. Raws li khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb niaj hnub no yog cov cim kev thiab tej yam ntuj tso systems, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug neeg yog tam sim no cov qauv.

xaus

Xws li ib tug impressive nkag nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tib neeg science systems tsim nkaus tshiab tej yam kev mob. Lawv ua txoj es complex philosophical teeb meem txog tus nqi thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev txawj ntse, kev xam pom ntawm nws lub neej thiab expansion ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug teeb meem no nws yog heev tsim nyog rau lo lus nug qhov tiag nqi ntawm innovation, cov yuav rau txim ntawm lawv cov kev taw qhia mus rau hauv lub system ntawm tib neeg kev sib txuas lus, sab ntsuj plig thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm.