Yuav ua li cas yog cov tshuaj reactors? Hom tshuaj reactors

Cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib tug txheej txheem uas ua rau yus mus rau lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tus reactants. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm cov kev hloov, uas paib ib los yog ntau yam khoom uas tsis yog pib. Tshuaj lom neeg tshua yog ntau haiv neeg. Nws nyob rau ntawm lub hom reactants, lub resulting yeeb tshuaj, cov tej yam kev mob thiab lub sij hawm ntawm synthesis, decomposition, xaav, isomerization, acid-alkali, redox, thiab lwm yam thiab organic dab.

Tshuaj reactors yog tank npaj rau nqa tawm lub tshua nyob hauv thiaj li yuav tsim qhov kawg khoom. Lawv tsim nyob rau ntau yam thiab yuav tsum tau muab lub siab tshaj plaws tawm los ntawm cov feem ntau nqi zoo yam.

hom

Muaj peb lub ntsiab yooj yim qauv ntawm tshuaj reactors:

• Batch.
• Nruam do tank (HPM).
• Plug-flow reactor (PFR).

Cov yooj yim qauv tau muab hloov nyob rau hauv raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov tshuaj txheej txheem.

batch reactor

Cov tshuaj units ntawm no hom yuav siv nyob rau hauv batch dab ntawm ib tug me me scale lawm, ib tug ntev lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog qhov twg qhov zoo tshaj plaws selectivity yog tiav, raws li nyob rau hauv ib co polymerization dab.

Rau lub hom phiaj no, piv txwv li, tus txheem ntawm uas yog agitated stainless steel txog ntsha nrog ua hauj lwm tuaj, roj npuas los yog los ntawm txoj kev nqus. Kub tswj yog nqa tawm ntawm tshav kub pauv tsho loj, irrigation tub yees los yog siv los ntawm lub tshav kub exchanger.

Batch reactors tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab khoom noj khoom haus ua lag luam. Lawv automation thiab optimization tsim complexity, vim nws yog tsim nyog los muab tas mus li thiab discrete dab.

Semi-batch tshuaj reactors muab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tas mus li thiab batch hom. Ib tug bioreactor, piv txwv li, yog tsis tseg loaded thiab tsis tu ncua tawm carbon dioxide, uas yuav tsum tau tu ncua tshem tawm. Ib yam li ntawd, thaum lub chlorination cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thaum muaj ib tug ntawm cov reactants yog tshuaj roj, yog hais tias tsis muab tsis tu ncua, lub ib thooj ntawm nws suab.

Yuav ua kom loj lawm tagnrho siv feem ntau cov tshuaj reactors los yog nruam hlau txog ntsha nrog ib tug stirrer los yog ib tug tas mus li txaus.

Nruam do tank reactor

kua reactants yog pub rau ib tug stainless steel thawv. Los xyuas kom meej kom zoo sis ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm hniav do. Yog li, nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm reactor lub reactants yog tsis tu ncua noj mus rau hauv tus thawj reservoir (ntsug, steel), thiab ces lawv tau mus rau hauv lub tom ntej, ib txhij ua tib zoo nws nyob rau hauv txhua txog ntsha. Txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub sib tov yog niaj hnub nyob rau hauv txhua tank nyob rau hauv lub system raws li ib tug tag nrho concentration mas nws txawv ntawm lub thawv rau lub thawv.

Qhov nruab nrab nqi ntawm lub sij hawm uas lub discrete nqi ntawm reactant siv nyob rau hauv lub tank (qhov chaw nyob lub sij hawm) yuav xam tsuas yog faib qhov ntim ntawm lub thawv nyob rau ntawm ib tug nruab nrab volumetric tus nqi uas txaus therethrough. Xav feem pua ntawm cov kawm tiav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog xam siv cov tshuaj kinetics.

Ua los ntawm stainless steel tso tsheb hlau luam los yog alloys thiab enamelled.

Ib txhia tseem ceeb sib nrauj ntawm lub DMI

Tag nrho cov suav yog ua raws li nyob rau hauv ib qho zoo tagnrho mix. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais ntawm ib tus nqi txog rau qhov kawg concentration. Thaum equilibrium, qhov txaus tus nqi yuav tsum tau sib npaug zos rau cov nqi ndlwg, txwv tsis pub lub reservoir yog tag nrho los yog empty.

Feem ntau kev lag kev luam zoo ua hauj lwm nrog ob peb serial los yog thaum uas tig mus HPM. Stainless hlau tso tsheb hlau luam sau nyob rau hauv ib tug cascade ntawm tsib los yog rau chav nyob coj raws li ib plug txaus reactor. Qhov no tso cai rau lub thawj tsev rau ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug ntau dua concentration ntawm reagents thiab, thiaj li, ib tug ntau dua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub reservoir tej zaum yuav muab tso ntsug steel HPM ob peb ua sawv, tsis txhob siv lub dab ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam hlab ntsha.

Nyob rau hauv kab rov tav multistage tiav tsev partitioned los ntawm ntsug muab faib phab ntsa ntawm txawv qhov siab, los ntawm kev uas lub sib tov ntws cascades.

Thaum lub reactants yog tsis zoo miscible los yog ntau heev txawv nyob rau hauv ceev ntawm ib ntsug multistage reactor (iav-hlua los yog stainless steel) nyob rau hauv ib tug countercurrent hom. Qhov no yog zoo rau reversible tshua.

Lub me me fluidized txaj yog kiag li mixed. Loj coj mus muag fluidized-txaj reactor muaj ib tug tshuam uniform kub tab sis miscible niam thiab hloov txoj kev cai hauv lub xeev thiab nraum ntws therebetween.

Tshuaj txaus reactor

PFR - ib tug reactor (stainless steel), nyob rau lub ib los yog ntau tshaj kua reactants yog pumped los ntawm ib tug yeeb nkab los yog lub raj. Lawv kuj hu ua tubular txaus. Nws yuav muaj ntau yam kav dej lossis cov hlab. Lub reactants yog pub tu ncua los ntawm ib kawg, thiab cov khoom los ntawm lwm tus. Tshuaj dab muab qhov chaw thaum uas nws kis sib tov.

Lub PFR cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshaj tawm gradient system: cov inlet yog heev siab heev, tab sis nrog ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm reactants thiab cov khoom tawm los nce cov ntsiab lus slows nws ceev. Feem ntau, dynamic equilibrium yog tiav.

Raug yog cov kab rov tav thiab ntsug orientation ntawm lub reactor.

Thaum yuav tsum tau tshav kub hloov lwm lub tsev, tus neeg hlab yog muab tso rau hauv lub tsho los yog plhaub thiab lub raj kub exchanger siv. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv, cov tshuaj tej zaum yuav yog nyob rau hauv lub vaj tse los yog nyob rau hauv cov yeeb nkab.

Ntim ntawm hlau nrog ib tug loj lub cheeb nozzles los yog zoo li bathtubs PFR thiab dav siv. Nyob rau hauv ib co configurations siv axial thiab radial txaus, ntau yam week nrog kev tshav kub exchangers, kab rov tav los ntsug txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub reactor thiab thiaj li nyob.

Txog ntsha nrog ib tug reagent yuav tau sau nrog inert los yog catalytic particulate teeb meem rau kom cov interfacial hu nyob rau hauv lub ua kev tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov PFR yog tias cov lus teb tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsug los yog kab rov tav nws - qhov no yog meant ntawm lub sij hawm "plug txaus". Lub reactants yuav tsum tau qhia mus rau hauv lub reactor tsis tau tsuas yog lub inlet. Yog li, nws yog tau mus cuag ntau dua efficiency ntawm lub EPA los yog txo nws loj thiab them tus nqi. Performance PSC yog feem ntau ntau tshaj li hais tias ntawm lub NRM ntawm tib volume. Sib npaug qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntim thiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv piston reactors yuav muaj ib tug ntau dua feem pua ntawm cov kawm tiav tshaj nyob rau hauv aggregates nws.

dynamic equilibrium

Rau feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj dab yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tau 100 feem pua kawm tiav. Lawv ceev txo nrog ib qho kev nce no Performance index mus txog rau lub caij thaum cov system nce mus txog ib tug dynamic equilibrium (thaum tag nrho cov lus teb los yog hloov nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis tshwm sim). Tus taw tes ntawm equilibrium nyob rau hauv feem ntau systems yog tsawg tshaj li 100% kawm tiav ntawm tus txheej txheem. Vim li no nws yog tsim nyog los ua qhov kev sib cais txheej txheem xws li distillation, cais cov seem reagents los yog by-khoom ntawm lub hom phiaj. Cov reagents tau tej zaum kuj yuav reused nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm tus txheej txheem, e.g., xws li cov Haber txheej txheem.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm tus EPA

Plug txaus reactors siv rau tshuaj lom neeg hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tebchaw thaum lub sij hawm lawv lub zog los ntawm lub system, li ib tug raj, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm loj-scale, ceev, homogeneous los yog ua kev tshua, tas mus li dab ntau lawm thiab thaum tso loj nyiaj ntawm tshav kub.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws PFR muaj ib tug taag chaw nyob lub sij hawm, piv txwv li, tej kua (piston) mus txog thaum lub sij hawm t, nws yoojyim thaum lub sij hawm t + τ, qhov twg τ - .. Nyob lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Tshuaj reactors ntawm no hom muaj theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo tshaj ncua sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li tau zoo raws li kub zoo hloov. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm PFR yog qhov teeb meem ntawm saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias ntawm tus txheej txheem uas yuav ua rau undesirable kub sib txawv, thiab lawv tus nqi siab.

catalytic reactors

Txawm tias units ntawm no hom mas feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov EPA, lawv yuav tsum tau ntau kho mob. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalytic yog proportional rau tus nqi ntawm catalyst nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug khoom catalyst thiab kua reactant yog proportional rau cov kev ceev ntawm lub dab muaj cheeb tsam, lub uas nkag mus rau ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom, thiab cov kev xaiv nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm turbulent nws.

Lub catalytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua tau feem ntau ib tug multi-kauj ruam. Tsis tsuas yog thawj zaug reactants hnov mob nrog lub catalyst. Nrog nws hnov mob thiab ib co ntawm cov intermediates.

Cov cwj pwm ntawm cov catalysts yog tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub kinetics ntawm tus txheej txheem no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv siab petrochemical tshua, raws li lawv yog deactivated los ntawm sintering, coking thiab zoo sib xws muaj dab.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm tshiab technologies

SAR yog siv rau cov hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm biomass. Nyob rau hauv lub thwmsim ntawm kev kub siab reactors yog siv. Lub siab nyob rau hauv lawv muaj peev xwm mus txog 35 MPa. Siv ntau yam ntau thiab tsawg pab rau txawv qhov chaw nyob lub sij hawm los ntawm 0.5 mus 600 vib nas this. Mus cuag kub nyob rau hauv excess ntawm 300 ° C yog siv nrog electrically rhuab reactors. biomass pub ua los ntawm HPLC-twj.

PSC aerosol nanoparticles

Yog theem paj nyob rau hauv lub synthesis thiab kev siv cov nanoparticles rau ntau lub hom phiaj, nrog rau siab alloys thiab ib tug tuab zaj duab xis conductors rau lub electronics kev lag luam. Lwm yam ntaub ntawv sau npe muaj xws li kev ntsuas ntawm magnetic nyhav, kis tau tus mob nyob rau hauv lub deb infrared thiab nuclear magnetic resonance. Rau cov systems nws yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug tswj particle loj. Lawv txoj kab uas hla feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub chav 10 mus rau 500 nm.

Vim lawv loj, zoo thiab siab tej deg hauv cheeb tsam ntawm cov hais yuav siv tau rau zus tau tej cov hniav zoo nkauj pigments, week, catalysts, ceramics, catalytic thiab photocatalytic reactors. Daim ntawv thov piv txwv ntawm nanoparticles muaj xws li SnO ₂ rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide sensors, Tio ₂ fibers, SiO ₂ colloidal silica thiab kho qhov muag fibers, C rau cov pa roj carbon fillers nyob rau hauv log tsheb, Fe rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv cov ntaub ntawv uas, Ni roj teeb thiab, nyob rau hauv me me nqi, palladium, magnesium thiab Bismuth. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv aerosol reactors. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nanoparticles yog siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm lub qhov txhab mob, dag pob txha cog hniav, raws li zoo raws li rau imaging ntawm lub paj hlwb.

Piv txwv li lawm

Rau alumina hais nyob rau hauv ib tug argon kwj, noo nrog cov hlau txias nyob rau hauv lub RAC 18 hli nyob rau hauv lub cheeb thiab 0.5 m ntev, qhov kub thiab txias 1600 ° C nyob rau hauv 1000 ° C / s. Raws li cov roj zaj ntawm lub reactor los nucleation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm alumina hais. Cov nqi ndlwg ntawm 2 dm ³ / min thiab lub siab yog 1 atm (1013 Pa). Raws li cov pa roj yog txias thiab lub zog yuav supersaturated, uas ua rau yus lub emergence ntawm hais los ntawm collisions thiab pa molecules pheej rov qab ua kom txog thaum lub particle nce mus txog ib tug tseem ceeb loj. Raws li nws txav los ntawm cov roj supersaturated txhuas molecules condense rau tus hais, kom lawv loj.