Yuav ua li cas los daws kom tau qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntshav pab pawg neeg thiab v tau

Cov tshuaj ntawm muaj teeb meem ntawm noob caj noob ces ntawm cov ntshav pab pawg neeg - nws tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug exciting yam taw tes uas nyob rau hauv biology ua hauv chav kawm ntawv, tab sis kuj yog ib tug tseem ceeb txoj kev uas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nyob rau hauv txawv lub chaw soj nstuam thiab kev kho mob-caj pej. Muaj ib co nta uas ncaj qha mus txuas rau lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm noob ntawm tib neeg cov ntshav pab pawg.

Ntau embodiments ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv neeg cov ntshav pab pawg neeg

Ntshav yog ib tug kua nruab nrab ntawm tus kab mob, thiab nyob rau ntawd yog tsim ntsiab - erythrocytes, thiab cov kua ntshav. Qhov kuaj pom los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm tej yam nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov ntshav yog programmed ntawm lub caj theem, thiab qhia txog cov coj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem.

Feem ntau pom tau hais tias ua tau peb hom uas teev tib neeg cov ntshav pawg:

1. Raws li cov AB0 system.
2. Raws li cov muaj los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm lub v tau.
3. Lub system MN.

AB0 system

Lub hauv paus ntawm no hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib lub noob kev sib tshuam raws li kodominirovanie. Nws hais tias lub noob yuav tsum sawv cev los ntawm ntau tshaj ob tug sib txawv alleles, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub genotype nws muaj nws tus kheej manifestation.

Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov ntshav pab pawg neeg yuav tsum nco ntsoov lwm txoj cai kodominirovaniya: muaj yog tsis muaj recessive los yog hom noob. Qhov no txhais tau tias sib txawv ob peb ua ke ntawm alleles yuav muab ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov me nyuam.

Ib tug noob nyob rau hauv no system yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tsos ntawm antigen A rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm erythrocytes, noob B - Lub tsim ntawm lub antigen rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlwb thiab noob 0 - rau tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm ib tug antigen. Piv txwv li, yog tias ib tug tib neeg genotype kaw li IAIB (noob Kuv yog siv rau kev daws qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub noob caj noob ces ntawm cov ntshav pab pawg neeg), lub erythrocytes yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws ob antigens. Yog hais tias nws tsis muaj cov antigens, tab sis cov tshuaj yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm lub "alpha" thiab "beta", nws yog sau raws li genotype I0I0.

Raws li ntshav ntawm tus neeg pub rau cov neeg tau kev pab. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tshuaj peb tuaj rau lub xaus hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntshav yog cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub pub thiab tau kev pab yog tib cov ntshav pab pawg neeg. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem thaum koj nrhiav tsis tau tus neeg txoj kev nrog tib cov ntshav pab pawg neeg raws li tus neeg uas xav tau ib tug ntshav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub phenotypic nta yog cov thawj thiab thib plaub pab pawg.

Cov neeg uas muaj tus thawj pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv tus nto ntawm cov ntshav liab ntawm tes antigens yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, uas ua rau nws tau mus ncuav rau no cov ntshav mus rau lwm yam neeg tsis muaj qhov yuav tshwm. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov neeg zoo li no yog cov universal hloov. Thaum nws los txog rau cov pab pawg neeg 4, xws kab mob mus rau lub universal neeg tau kev pab, t. E. Lawv yuav txhab ntshav los ntawm tej neeg uas pub cov.

Txoj kev sib tw rau cov ntshav hom yuav tsum tau ib tug tej yam genotypes teev. Ntawm no yog 4 pawg ntawm cov neeg rau lub xub ntiag ntawm antigens rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntshav liab thiab lawv tau genotypes:

Kuv (0) -group. Genotype I0I0.

II (A) -group. Genotypes IAIA los yog IAI0.

III (B) -group. Genotypes IBIB los yog IBI0.

IV (AB) -group. Genotype IAIB.

ntshav pab pawg neeg v tau

Lwm txoj kev xa cov ntshav pab pawg neeg tus neeg raws li nyob rau hauv lub muaj los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm v. Qhov no zoo tshaj kuj yog ib tug complex protein uas uas ua nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. Nws yog kho los ntawm ob peb lub noob nyob rau hauv officers, tab sis defining lub luag hauj lwm rau cov noob uas xaiv los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv D (v zoo los yog v +) thiab d (v tsis zoo los yog Rh-). Raws li, qhov hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm no cim yog tshwm sim los monogenic qub txeeg qub teg, tiam sis tsis kodominirovaniem.

Txoj kev sib tw rau cov ntshav pab pawg neeg nrog rau cov kev txiav txim siab yuav tsum tau cov nram qab no nkag genotypes:

• Cov neeg uas muaj v-zoo ntshav pab pawg neeg genotypes muaj ib tug DD los yog hnub.
• Cov neeg uas muaj v-tsis zoo genotype yog sau raws li hnub.

system MN

Qhov no cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv cov qauv no yog ntau ntau nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe, tab sis kuj yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv kev daws qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov ntshav pab pawg neeg. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub manifestation ntawm ob alleles, uas yog pub los ntawm kodominirovaniya hom. Txhua yam ntawm cov alleles yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov protein ntau synthesis nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov ntshav. Yog hais tias lub genotype ntawm tus kab mob no ua ke nrog ntawm MM, tsuas yog ib hom ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshav, uas yog kho los ntawm cov coj noob. Yog hais tias xws li ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub genotype MN, cov ntshav yuav tsum yog rau ob ntau hom kev protein.

Txoj kev sib tw rau cov ntshav hom system yuav tsum tau cov nram qab no nkag MN genotypes:

• Ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg uas muaj genotype MN.
• Ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg uas muaj genotype MM.
• Ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg uas muaj genotype NN.

Nta lub ntsiab rau noob caj noob ces teeb meem

Thaum ua kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic teeb meem nws yog tsim nyog los soj ntsuam cov cai nram qab no:

1. Sau ib lub rooj kawm cwj pwm, raws li zoo raws li cov noob thiab genotypes, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov manifestation ntawm no kev zoo losis phem.
2. Sau genotypes ntawm cov niam txiv: thawj sau ib tug neeg poj niam thiab ces cov txiv neej.
3. Xaiv gametes uas muab txhua tus neeg.
4. Kos genotypes thiab phenotypes nyob rau hauv lub F1 xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, thiab, yog hais tias tus txoj hauj lwm yuav tsum tau, sau qhov tshwm sim rau lawv tshwm sim.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm noob caj noob ces ntawm cov ntshav pawg yuav tsum tau ib tug nkag siab txog ntawm lub hom kev sis raug zoo uas koj tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus. Nyob rau qhov no nyob rau qhov kev kawm ntawm kev daws, raws li zoo raws li koj muaj peev xwm twv seb cov ntsiab ntawm cov hla kev thiab tau tshwm sim ntawm zygotes. Yog hais tias tib tej yam kev mob uas haum rau ob los yog Bole hom noob sis yeej ib txwm coj lub feem ntau yooj yim ntawm lawv.

Paub tab ntawm AB0 system

Biology paub tab rau cov ntshav pab pawg neeg AB0 system yog daws tau los ntawm cov hauv qab no:

"Ib tug poj niam uas muaj ib tug thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntshav, twb muaj txij nkawm rau ib tug txiv neej nrog ib tug plaub ntshav pab pawg neeg. Txiav txim seb lub genotype thiab phenotype ntawm lawv cov me nyuam, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm tshwm sim ntawm zygotes nrog txawv genotypes. "

Ua ntej peb yuav tsum tau paub uas noob rau ib co manifestation ntawm cov tsos mob hais tias:

Ces, peb sau ntawv rau hauv lub genotypes ntawm cov niam txiv thiab lawv cov gametes:

• P: ♀ I0I0 x ♂ IAIB.
• G: I0 I0 IA IB.

Tom ntej no, peb tus ntoo khaub lig peb tig muab gametes ua ke. Koj siv tau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub Penneta:

Txij li thaum lub qhov muaj tseeb ntawm tsim ntawm gametes ntawm ob niam txiv yog 50%, ces txhua tus ntawm cov 4 variants cov me nyuam genotypes yuav tshwm sim nrog 25% ntau.

Tshuaj txog cov teeb meem: cov ntshav hom, v zoo tshaj

Nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov v tau, peb yuav siv li ib txwm cov kev cai ntawm monogenic qub txeeg qub teg ntawm qhov zoo. Piv txwv li, peb muaj ib tug txiv neej thiab poj niam sib yuav thiab ob leeg v-zoo heterozygotes. Tus thawj yam khoom yog peb sau ntawv rau hauv lub rooj ntawm cov noob thiab lwm yam kev phenotypic sijhawm:

Tom qab ntawd peb sau cov genotypes ntawm cov niam txiv thiab lawv cov gametes:

• P: ♀ DD x ♂ DD.
• G: D d D d.

Ob txhais Mendel txoj Kevcai hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hla ntawm ob heterozygotes cleavage phenotype yog 3: 1 thiab genotype 1: 2: 1. Qhov no txhais tau tias peb yuav tau txais cov me nyuam nrog ib tug zoo v ceeb nyob rau hauv 75% ntawm cov neeg, thiab nrog ib tug tsis zoo v tau nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm 25%. Genotypes yuav ua tau raws li nram no: DD, DD thiab hnub nyob rau hauv tus piv 1: 2: 1 feem.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub teeb meem ntawm cov ntshav pab pawg neeg thiab v tau yog solved yooj yim npaum li nyob rau hauv lub AB0 system. Yuav kom txiav txim seb qhov v tau ntawm cov niam txiv thiab lawv cov me nyuam lawm yav tom ntej yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev npaj tsevneeg, t. Yuav kom. Muaj mob ntawm v-teeb meem, thaum leej niam v +, thiab tus me nyuam Rh-, los yog vice versa. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, muaj ib tug uas yuav ntawm nchuav menyuam, yog li cev xeeb tub cov poj niam cai nyob rau hauv tsev.

Txoj kev sib tw rau cov ntshav los ntawm cov system MN

Cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic teeb meem ntawm no hom muaj cai kodominirovaniya cai, txawm li cas los, cov tshuaj yog yooj yim zog los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm tsuas yog ob tug hom ntawm alleles. Piv txwv ib tug txiv neej nrog genotype MN sib yuav poj niam nrog rau cov tib noob. Nws yog tsim nyog los mus txiav txim lub genotype thiab phenotype ntawm cov me nyuam, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv ntawm cov noob thiab sijhawm yog tsis tsim nyog, t. Yuav kom. Designations yog pa thiab tsis ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev daws qhov teeb meem.

• P: ♀ MN x ♂ MN.
• G: MNM N.

Yog hais tias koj pleev xim lub grille Penneta, peb tau txais ib tug zoo li daim duab raws li nrog monogenic qub txeeg qub teg. Txawm li cas los, cleavage los ntawm genotype 1: 2: 1 yuav coincide nrog lub splitting thiab phenotypically, t no rau txhua allele nws muaj nws manifestation, thiab hom thiab recessive noob yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ... Cov me nyuam nrog genotype MN yuav yug los nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm 50% thaum ib tug me nyuam nrog genotype MM los yog NN yuav tshwm sim nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm 25% txhua.