Voltaire, "ingenuous": txoj kev

Cov zaj dab neeg "Lub yooj yim" - ib qho ntawm feem nto moo philosophical thiab satirical tej hauj lwm ntawm tus poj Voltaire, tus poj philosopher thiab kawm ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua Fabkis. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm zaj dab neeg twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1767 thiab tsis ntev, ua tsaug rau cov zoo zoo, txhais ua ntau yam lus.

Voltaire, "ingenuous": ib txoj kev. khi

Sab nraum nws yog nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1689. Muaj ib hmo nyob rau hauv Lower Brittany nyob rau seaside Strolling Abbe de Kerkabon thiab nws tus muam. Lub Abbot muab nws tus kheej xav txog txoj hmoo ntawm nws tus tij laug thiab nws tsev neeg, uas 20 xyoo dhau los mus rau qhov no puam rau ib lub nkoj nyob rau hauv Canada, thiab txij li thaum lawv muaj tsis muaj xov xwm.

Thaum no heev lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv lub bay nws muaj xws li ib tug txog ntsha le caag, thiab tsaws rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm ib tug txiv neej hluas. Nws yog hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv Indian cov khaub ncaws thiab no mas, tej yam yooj yim-minded - yog li nicknamed rau nws lub siab dawb paug thiab siab dawb paug ntawm cov khub Englishmen. Abbot caw nws mus rau nws yuav tau siv sijhawm hmo ntuj.

Hnub tom qab ib tug tub hluas, xav ua tsaug rau cov hospitable fwjchim luj kawg nkaus, muab cov mascot - Portrait ntawm ib tug tsis paub tus naj npawb ntawm tej yam yooj yim-minded neeg kev cob cog rua hlua. Cov no dluab Abbot paub ntawm nws tus tij laug thiab nws tus poj niam uas zoo nyob rau hauv Canada.

Tej yam yooj yim-nws hais tias nws tsis paub lawv niam lawv txiv, thiab tsa nws Khab. De Kerkabon thiab nws tus muam yog rau tus tub hluas tus txiv ntxawm thiab tus phauj, ntawm ces nyob nws nyob nrog lawv.

Tej yam yooj yim-minded tsis paub lawv niam lawv txiv, thiab educated Khab Hurons. Thaum pom nyob rau hauv tus neeg ntawm cov ua ntej thiab nws tus muam hlub tus txiv ntxawm thiab tus phauj, tus tub hluas nyob hauv lawv lub tsev.

St. Ives

High ncaj ncees thiab zoo tagnrho, los ntawm ib tug ncaj ncees taw tes ntawm view, tsim ib cim Voltaire ( "simple-minded"). Lub cuab ntxhiab ntawm cov khoom no yog npaj los mus hais tau tus nyeem ntawv hais tias tus cwj pwm ntawm cov protagonist yuav tsum ib tug siv rau txhua leej txhua tus.

Yog li ntawd ua ntej txiav txim siab ua kev cai raus dej ingenuously. Tiam sis ua ntej, nws yog tsim nyog los muab nws mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws ntseeg tshiab xwb. Tus tub hluas nyeem phau Vajlugkub thiab to taub nws lub ntsiab lus vim lub tsis muaj tus ntawm kev kawm ntawv zej zog. Tej yam yooj yim-tuav lub tsev teev ntuj ceremony thiab ntog nyob rau hauv kev hlub nrog tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm Saint-Yves. Lawv pom tias txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv kev hlub, hluas nkauj thiab tus tub ua ib lub tswv yim. Tiam sis ua ntej, koj yuav tsum mus nrhiav kev tso cai los ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv. Abbot kuj piav tej yam yooj yim-minded, uas yuav tus ntoo khaub lig - kev txhaum. Tus tub hluas teb hais tias lo lus no yog tsis hais nyob rau hauv phau Vajlugkub, raws li zoo li ntau lwm yam, hais tias nws yog txais nyob rau hauv lub zej zog thiab yog pom tias yog ib feem ntawm kev cai dab qhuas ceremonies.

lub tuam txhab Law

Nws exposes absurdity ntawm nws lub sij hawm Voltaire. Tej yam yooj yim-minded tsis to taub yog vim li cas lub neej ntawm ntau mais pope yuav tsum txiav txim siab mus yuav nws nyiam los yog tsis. Cov tub hluas ntxhais txiv neej hais tias nws tus kheej yuav tau txiav txim nws hmoo. Tom qab ntawd, nws rushes mus St. Ives thiab muaj mus yuav nws, raws li nws tau cog lus tseg, thiab xwb, nws yog nws txoj cai. Tab sis lwm tus pib los mus piav qhia hais tias tsis muaj kev cai lij choj, Cov Neeg Pov Thawj thiab kev sib cog lus tuaj anarchy.

Tej yam yooj yim-minded cov lus teb uas tsuas tsis ncaj cov neeg nyob rau hauv yuav tsum tau ntawm tej lus ceeb toom. Tab sis nws teb hais tias cov kev cai tau invented cia li enlightened thiab cov neeg ncaj ncees. Thiab yog hais tias ib tug neeg txiav txim siab nws tus kheej ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum txo hwj chim mloog cov kev cai, qhov chaw kawm ib qho piv txwv rau lwm tus neeg.

Niam St. Ives txiav txim siab xa rau tus hluas nkauj mus rau lub convent, thiab ces muab ib tug unloved tab sis muaj txiaj ntsim nraug vauv. Tej hau kev kawm ntawm no, homey los nyob rau hauv npau taws heev heev thiab tag kev cia siab.

British ntxeem tau

Qhia cov clash ntawm lub neej, steeped nyob rau hauv lwm, thiab lub ntuj tus neeg uas loj hlob nyob deb deb ntawm kev vam meej, Voltaire ( "simple-minded"). Ntsiab lus ntawm yuav pab kom to taub yuav ua li cas nyob deb lub zej zog los ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab muaj tseeb qhov tseem ceeb.

Yog li, tej yam yooj yim-minded nyob rau hauv dismay wanders raws tus ntug dej. Thiab ces nws pom li ntshai recedes Fabkis tub cheev xwm. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub British squadron tsaws rau lub puam thiab npaj txhij mus tua lub nroog. Tej yam yooj yim-minded koom lub sib ntaus sib tua thiab raug mob Admiral yeeb ncuab. Pom nws ua siab loj, txhawb thiab Fabkis cov tub rog thiab twb yeej xwb. Lub nroog tswj tseg, thiab yooj yim-ua nto moo.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub ntawm sib ntaus sib tua ib tug tub hluas xav coj dua lub monastery thiab tso nws tus hlub. Tab sis nws poob siab thiab qhia mus rau tus huab tais nyob rau hauv Versailles thiab nug rau kev tso cai mus yuav raws li ib tug nqi zog. Tsis muaj leej twg ces yuav tsis cam nws txoj cai mus yuav.

Txoj kev tsim txom ntawm Protestants

Ntxiv wanderings ntawm tus hero zaj dab neeg "Lub yooj yim" (Voltaire). Txheem Tshooj qhia yuav ua li cas ib tug tub hluas xa mus rau Versailles. Nws txoj kev yog los ntawm ib tug me me lub zos. Nws yog ib lub tsev mus rau lub Protestants, uas twb cia li tau deprived ntawm tag nrho cov cai thiab forcibly hloov dua siab tshiab rau Catholicism vim hais tias ntawm lub abolition ntawm lub Edict ntawm Nantes.

Nyob rau hauv lub kua muag neeg nyob tawm nws hometown. Tej yam yooj yim-minded tsis to taub yog vim li cas tus huab tais nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus Pope tsis kam 600,000 loyal cov pej xeem thiab nws dooms lawv mus ua loj leeb thiab kev nyuaj siab ploj. Ib tug tub hluas los txog rau lub xaus hais tias liam rau txhua yam tsis tsim nyog advisers thiab cov Jesuits, uas puag ncig lub huab tais. Txwv tsis pub, dab tsi ntxiv yuav ua tus tswv xeev indulging nws tus yeeb ncuab tus Pope?

Tej yam yooj yim-minded uas poob cev qhev nthe hais tias ib zaug greeted tus huab tais, qhia rau nws qhov tseeb. Tom qab kawm tau qhov tseeb, tus tswv xeev yuav yeej pab nws cov neeg. Tu siab, cov lus no tau hnov disguised Jesuit ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug informant txiv Lachaise, confessor ntawm tus huab tais, leej twg yog tus tsim txom ntawm Protestants.

Versailles

Tshwm sim qhov loj shortcomings ntawm Fabkis tub ceev xwm, Voltaire. Tej yam yooj yim-minded tuaj rau Versailles nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog lub denunciation ntawm lub Jesuits. Cov tub hluas ntxhais txiv neej, nyob rau hauv nws naivete, Kuv xav hais tias raws li sai li tuaj, yuav tau ntsib nrog tus huab tais, qhia txog nws exploits thiab tau raws li ib tug nqi zog tso cai rau yuav nws tus hlub, thiab txawm qhib koj ob lub qhov muag rau qhov tseeb huab tais tsis nyiam kev teeb meem ntawm lub Huguenots.

Nrog teeb meem loj, Kuv tswj kom tau ib tug neeg tuaj saib ingenuously xwb ib tug yooj yim lub tsev hais plaub official. Nws qhia lub hero tias nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm nws tsuas cia siab rau lub purchase ntawm cov nyob qib lieutenant. Cov tub hluas ntxhais txiv neej yog outraged los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog kuj tau mus them rau qhov tseeb hais tias nws tsis khuvxim nws lub neej rau lub yeeb koob ntawm lub crown. Hero berates ua hauj lwm thiab cog lus tseg rau qhia tus huab tais nws lub folly. Los ntawm no monologue, lub tsev hais plaub pom tias nws qhua yog vwm, yog li tsis txhob muab tej qhov tseem ceeb rau cov lus no.

Leej Txiv Lachaise, tib hnub tau txais ob tsab ntawv. Tus thawj - los ntawm lub Jesuit, thiab lub thib ob - los ntawm lub txheeb ze ntawm St. Ives, uas yog hu ua qhov yooj yim-minded teebmeem thiab madcap, uas incited cov tub rog mus hlawv cov monastery mus nyiag tus ntxhais.

Tom qab cov lus ceeb toom rau cov tub rog raug ntes tus me nyuam tub. Hmo ntuj rau ib tug hero tuaj thiab, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tsiv kuj, xa mus rau lub Bastille. Ntawm no nws ntog nyob rau hauv tib lub cell nrog cov philosopher-Jansenists Gordon.

Bastille

Thaum lub sij hawm, narrowly dim xaus Voltaire nws tus kheej. "Qhov yooj yooj yim" ( "Gaby" nyob rau hauv lwm yam txhais) twb npaj los qhia thiab yuav ua li cas yooj yim kev ncaj ncees txiv neej nyob rau hauv Fabkis yuav tsum tau qab tuav.

Leej Txiv Gordon, zoo-hearted txiv neej, yog nyob rau hauv lub Bastille tsis muaj ib tug mus sib hais rau nej tau tsis kam mus paub txog lub unlimited hwj chim ntawm tus Pope nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Cov laus ntawm nws lub neej ntev ntev tau sau ib tug ntau ntawm kev txawj ntse, thiab tus tub hluas muaj ib tug zoo txaus siab nyob rau hauv txhua yam tshiab. Tham ob cov neeg raug txim maj ua ntau nthuav thiab qhia. Tab sis tsim nyog thiab yooj yim-minded naivety feem ntau muab tso rau philosopher mus rau ib tug standstill.

Ib tug tub hluas nyeem ntau yam ntawm cov keeb kwm cov phau ntawv. Los ntawm no nws pom tias cov tib neeg thoob plaws nws lub neej pheej ua teeb meem txhaum cai nkaus xwb. Tab sis, tom qab nyeem ntawv Malebranche, nws realizes hais tias txhua yam nyob ib ncig ntawm - cia li ib tug lossis loj ib feem ntawm lub mechanism, uas yog tus ntsuj plig ntawm Vajtswv. Maj mam lub siab yuav muaj zog ingenuously, nws masters cov physics, lej, geometry.

paub txog qhov tseeb

Heev loj pej xeem teb yog cov khoom uas sau Voltaire. "Qhov yooj yooj yim" - yog feem ntau ib tug thuam ntawm lub huab tais lub hwj chim, thiab qhov no koj yuav tau yooj yim poob nws lub taub hau thaum lub sij hawm.

Cov lus sib cav qub hluas menyuam kawm ntawv philosopher ua kom ntshai. Gordon zoo nyob rau hauv nws thiab to taub tias tag nrho nws lub neej no yog kev txhawj xeeb nrog cov qib ntawm prejudice, thiab nws naïve me nyuam kawm ntawv, mloog mus rau lub suab ntawm qhov, yog tau txais nyob ze mus rau qhov tseeb yog los ze zog npaum. Dawb los ntawm lub illusory duab kos tau tshwm, yooj yim-to taub hais tias lub ntsiab tib neeg txoj cai - txoj kev ywj pheej. Nws hais tias tsis sib haum scholastics yog npliag thiab puas. Vajtswv yog txhua yam, yog li pointless kev tsis sib haum cov ntseeg. Gordon realizes hais tias nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv txoj cai, thiab los txhob paub hais tias lawv ua yuam kev. Ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm nws tus cwj pwm muab lawv tus kheej kev txiav txim txog qhov xwm ntawm kev ntseeg, Voltaire ( "simple-minded").

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, St. Ives txiav txim siab mus nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws tus lover thiab mus rau Versailles.

sij hawm

St. Ives escapes ntawm nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib thiab mus rau qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus huab tais. Nws desperately nws tau muaj lub rooj sib tham nrog rau ntau yam dignitaries, nws sai sai tim khawv hais tias nws tus hlub yog nyob rau hauv lub Bastille. Cov ua hauj lwm, uas hais rau nws mus St. Ives, regrets hais tias nws yuav tsis ua zoo rau nws txoj hauj lwm, los yog poob rau nws. Tab sis nws qhia hais tias tus Minister yuav pab tau de Saint-Puanzh. Hluas nkauj tau txais ib cov neeg tuaj saib nrog rau cov kev txiav txim, tab sis nyob rau hauv pauv rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm yam yooj yim-nws xav hlub St. Ives. Paub thawb nws mus rau tus neeg mob. Thiab St. Ives tau raug yuam mus poob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txuag ib tug neeg hlub ib tug.

Tej yam yooj yim-minded tau txais liberation. Tab sis tus hluas nkauj yog kev txom nyem vim hais tias ntawm nws lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab tuag los ntawm kev kub taub hau. Thaum kawm ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm St. Ives, Puanzh hloov siab lees txim ntawm lawv tej kev ua.

Nws yuav siv sij hawm lub sij hawm, uas softens txhua yam. Tej yam yooj yim-minded yuav ib tug tub ceev xwm kom nws tuag preserves lub cim xeeb ntawm ib tug neeg hlub ib tug.

Voltaire, "ingenuous": tsom xam

Ib tug txawv feature ntawm cov khoom no yog hais tias lub philosopher tsis tsuas qhia nws lub tswv yim hais txog lub xeev thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tus dais, tab sis kuj them zoo xim rau cov duab ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm lub protagonists.

Nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg, Voltaire sim mus nrhiav qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm kev zoo thiab kev phem, thiab mus nrhiav kev ntsuas ntawm cov phenomena. Thiab nws yog tus tib neeg txoj kev ywj pheej, uas yuav tsum muab tus huab tais. Txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab thaum lub tsev teev ntuj twb tawg, uas yog vim li cas lub philosopher criticizes nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob.

Nyob rau hauv 1994 nws tau ua rau hauv ib tug yeeb yam, "Qhov yooj yooj yim" (Voltaire). Tus zaj duab xis tau ua ke los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas, Zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab Fabkis. Txawm li cas los, cov neeg saib ib tug zoo chaw nws tau txais.