Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev muaj chaw, thiab muaj chaw nyob rau hauv particular, nws cov keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Russia

Muaj chaw nyob rau hauv lub literal siab - nws bibliology. Muaj chaw nyob rau hauv general - yog ib tug scientific kev qhuab qhia uas soj ntsuam txog qhov kev piav qhia, systematization thiab accounting cov phau ntawv, thiab tseeb cov phau ntawv, cov khoom, dissertations, etc ...

Yuav ua li cas yog lub chaw nyob rau hauv lub vos kev txiav txim zoo

Qhov no daim ntawv teev yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los sis lwm phau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv. qhov twg ntaub ntawv raug coj - piv txwv li, lub qhov chaw qhia thaum uas sau ntawv ib tsab ntawv. Muaj chaw siv thaum sau ntawv theses thiab lwm yam kev ua hauj lwm. Sau ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau qhia dab tsi nws cia siab rau thawj qhov chaw.

Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm bibliographies

Muaj bibliographies ntawm sau ntawv. Lawv muaj xws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho cov kev sau ntawv phau ntawv ntawm cov neeg sau, thiab muaj xws li tag nrho cov biographical thiab lwm yam tej hauj lwm sau txog qhov no txawj sau ntawv thiab nws cov hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov sau phau ntawv. Nws kim heev daim ntawv teev yog, piv txwv li, C. A. chaw Pushkina los yog Tolstogo L. N.

Muaj kuj yog ib tug muaj chaw ntawm lub thib ob degree. Uas yog ib tug muaj chaw ntawm tag nrho cov bibliographic ntawv. Nws yuav cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv sib lawv liag tag nrho cov bibliographies, muab faib los ntawm cov ntsiab lus.

Xam tias yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib science chaw. Nws caters rau tej sectors ntawm kev ua si los yog theoretical sciences.

Retrospective chaw (Scientific cov kev faib) npog tag nrho cov ntawv luam phau ntawv ua hauj lwm sau xov xwm thiab rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Nws yuav yog ib lub xyoo, thiab ib lub lim tiam.

Tseem muaj ntau yam lwm yam kev muaj chaw. Piv txwv li, lub Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, kev noj mus rau hauv tus account thiab npaj tag nrho cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, tso tawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Nws yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi mus rau lub chaw. Muaj yog ib tug muaj chaw ntawm cov phau ntawv, piv txwv li ib daim tshev-daim ntawv teev cov phau ntawv sau phau ntawv hais txog ib tug phau ntawv. Tej npe yuav pom, piv txwv li, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm txoj kev kawm los yog kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv.

Ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm cov ntsiab lus nws yog tseeb hais tias xws li ib tug muaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv ib tug broad kev txiav txim zoo - nws yog ib txwm ib daim ntawv teev neeg ua tim khawv rau ib co ntsiab lus. Qhov no zoo ntawm science thiab phau ntawv science nws muaj nws tus kheej yav dhau los. Yog hais tias koj to taub dab tsi ib tug muaj chaw, nws yuav luaj li cas nws zaj dabneeg. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas science tau hloov zuj zuj thiab tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws.

Ib nyuag Keeb kwm ntawm lub chaw nyob rau hauv Russia

Nyob rau hauv Russia txij li thaum lub 18th xyoo pua pib los tsim ib tug muaj chaw. Nws tag nrho cov pib nrog lub teeb meem bookselling thiab nyeem ntawv daim ntawv los yog xov xwm nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv Magazine. Nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv yog heev nquag tsim. Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv thiab sau xov xwm txhom thiab ntes cov tsim kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob. Cov kev xav hais tias xws li ib tug muaj chaw, ntawm chav kawm, kuj yog los ntawm txawv teb chaws.

Tus thawj ntawm no zoo yog cov phau ntawv "Bibliographic sau ntawv" thiab "muaj chaw". Lawv luam tawm ib tug saib xyuas ntawm phau ntawv teev cov ntau yam thaud nyob rau hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv, catalogs nyuam qhuav luam tawm phau ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov npe ntawm cov periodicals.

Nyob rau hauv 1889 tuaj thawj bibliographic voj voog nyob rau Moscow. Nws initiator twb maj maj. Nyob rau hauv 1900 nws tau hloov mus rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab Bibliographical Society, muaj nyob rau hauv lub University of Moscow. Nws lub koom haum, lawv cov phau ntawv Magazine. Edited Bodnarskii tawm "Bibliographical Xov xwm" thiab "Bibliology".

Nyob rau hauv 1907 thiab 1908 lub tuam txhab luam tawm "muaj chaw Collection", uas tau txuas ib alphabetical Performance index los pab koj nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv. Cov phau ntawv luam tawm hom phiaj kev txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv thiab periodicals luam tawm pointers.

Chaw ntawm Russia 19-20 centuries

Thaum lub sij hawm no ob centuries ntawm Lavxias teb sab chaw flourished thiab nthuav. Zaum no zoo dua koom nyob rau hauv no science. Lawv pib cia siab ntau rau cov lus tseeb es tsis xav. Thiab nyob rau hauv no caug xyoo bibliographies 19-20th centuries yog heev pab tau kom muaj chaw thiab Philology.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th muaj ib tug synthesis ntawm tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw. Bibliology thiab qhov chaw kom muaj chaw pib qhia nyob rau hauv universities. Bibliographers tsa cov laus archives thiab rov qab ntev tsis nco qab lawm tej hauj lwm ntawm sau ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov neeg uas muaj repressed thiab txhob txwm tshaj tawm tsis nco qab lawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Stalin txoj cai. Nws twb tsa thiab rov qab los ib tug loj stratum ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv thiab xovxwm. Txawm li cas los, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Soviet chaw tseem tsis tau kawm siab, tseem qhib rau cov tshiab chaw thiab archives. Muaj chaw los ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov zog ua hauj lwm.