Apology - yog dab tsi tiv thaiv

Nyob rau hauv lub ancient Greek lo lus "apologia" - muaj kev zam txim thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntau. Thaum lub sij hawm pib yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv Greek txoj cai, nws tau tuaj mus rau txhais li cas tiv thaiv kev hais lus, Huab Tais Ntuj hais nyob rau hauv tsev hais plaub. Tom qab ntawd, txhua yam uas yuav pab raws li ib tug tiv thaiv tawm tsam accusations thiab tawm tsam, ib tsab ntawv los yog ib tug ntawv nyeem lub npe hu ua ib tug apology.

metamorphosis lub sij hawm

Obviously, zealous pab, praising qhov virtues ntawm nws tus neeg, thiab nta lub sij hawm yog siv los xa mus rau partisan tiv thaiv los yog ntev li qhuas. Thaum lub sij hawm, lo lus "apologia" nyob rau hauv kev twb poob lawm lub thawj lub ntsiab lus thiab mas yuav kis tau xws txhais li kev tsa nto, thiab txawm zahvalivanie alliluyschina, tab sis tsuas yog cov tuab uas tsis tseeb ntxias. Tu siab, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias xws li preconceived tiv thaiv coj qhov chaw ib txwm, los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial mus rau lub hnub tam sim no.

Self-tiv thaiv ntawm Socrates

Dab neeg hu qhov tseeb uas siv cov sij hawm no nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb kev txiav txim zoo - raws li ib tug kev zam txim rau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug apology - nws yog peb nto moo lus ntawm Socrates, hais los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 399 BC nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub, qhov twg nws twb liam ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb no tej kev txhaum, uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug tuag kab lus tau tso cia. Socrates, uas yog suav hais tias yog thawj philosopher, yog ib tug ntxov ntxov txiv neej. Feem ntau ntawm cov thiaj li hu ua kws tshawb fawb ntawm ancient Greece ho tsis to taub nws thiab, paub txog lub superiority ntawm nws ntxub. Ntsiag to ironic yam ntawm kev sib txuas lus coj lawv mus rau hauv ib tug frenzy. Nws twb liam ntawm impiety thiab corrupting cov hluas nrog lawv views. Thiab kuj nyob rau hauv lub inordinate muaj nuj nqis thiab qhia tawm erudition. Txawm hais tias nws belongs rau Socrates famously hais tias nws tsuas paub tias nws yeej paub tsis muaj dab tsi. Thiab kab lus no tsis yog dag pejorative. Nws yog ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub ntiaj teb no yog infinite paub thiab tseeb ntawm nws cov neeg, txawm tias ib tug sage yuav tsis muaj nyiaj them.

irritant meej mom

Thaum mus sib hais, tus poj philosopher tsis tau thov rau txoj kev hlub tshua, coj tau hais khov kho, calmly thiab tsis pom zoo rau tag nrho cov nqi, uas yog negligible, yog unfounded thiab tsis zoo. Tsis tau txaus sib ceg nrog Socrates, nws txiav txim siab mus muab tua tas. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv tsev rau txim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom. Nws tseem ci ntsa iab series ntawm cov thwj tim thiab cov thwjtim, nrog rau cov legendary Plato. "Apology" - ib qho ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, uas yog tsis sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev sib tham. Nws yog 30 xyoo yau dua tus xib fwb , thiab pe hawm nws. Passionate accusatory ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas Plato hu ib tug spade ib tug spade, proves ib tug tag nrho lub neej phem, mediocrity thiab incompetence prosecutors - Miletus, Anita, Likoni.

Tsim nyog rebuff me nyuam kawm ntawv

Qhov tseeb lub npe ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, sau los ntawm Plato sai tom qab mus sib hais (396 BC), hu ua lub "Apology ntawm Socrates". Luv luv nws yuav piav raws li lub siab xav mus nrhiav pov thawj tus dawb huv thiab kev tiv thaiv cov xib hwb zoo heev ntawm cov nqi tawm tsam nws dag accusations. Nws cov ntsiab lus parses tus hais lus, Socrates hais tias nyob rau lub tsev hais plaub, pom hais tias ib tug zoo philosopher. Qhov no yog thawj zaug ntawm lub extant phau ntawv ntawm Plato. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau hais tias tsis muaj ntawm cov convictions hais lus twb tsis fwm, tab sis lub cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tim khawv nws yog tseeb hais tias nws twb tsis tau muab tej xim rau lub fact thiab tsim nyog rau tag nrho cov tawm tsam twb unfounded los yog dag.

ib tug science

Tab sis muaj lwm yam ntsiab ntawm lo lus. Thoob plaws siv nws tau txais nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg, tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv lub tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias txoj kev ntseeg no yog ib qho nyuaj rau hais thiab nws coj ib tug ntau ntawm cov accession ntawm cov neeg raug thiab ntau defenders ntawm zuj cov yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau hauv no cov hlab ntsha, ib tug apology - nws yog kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg. Yog li ntawd nws yuav tsum tau hu ua tej hauj lwm mus nrhiav pov thawj lawv txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv Tswv Yexus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub vos kev txiav txim zoo ntawm ib tug apology yog hu ua phau ntawv ntawm thaum ntxov cov ntseeg Vajtswv (II-III century). Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus yog ib tug tag nrho science hais txog cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm txoj kev ntseeg no, thiab nws yog hu ua tiag. Lawm, ardent defenders hu ua apologists. Tom qab ntawd, lub sij hawm twb thov rau cov txiv neej, excessively zealous nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv dab tsi. Cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Vajtswv thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws tsim yog txaus - lub Roman tub ceev xwm, cov neeg Yudais, lub defenders ntawm lub ancient kev ntseeg thiab tej tswv yim, thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub nascent txoj kev ntseeg twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov chaw no. Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo rau nriaj twb nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm nom tswv tracts. Yog li ntawd ancient apologia - yog journalism.

Ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Fabkis historian

Cov dab neeg thiab lwm yam hauj lwm uas paub tias hauv no lub npe. Piv txwv li, lub "Apology ntawm keeb kwm," Marc Bloch (1886-1944), Fabkis historian, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm tus naas ej magazine "annals" thiab lub npe tib yam ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws teev nws views on keeb kwm raws li ib tug science, thiab tsim tshiab le caag los nws txoj kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv nws "Apology keeb kwm los yog khoom siv tes ua ntawm lub historian", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1986, tus sau considers tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, piav qhia txog qhov tseeb hais tias tib neeg lub siab mas nws txawv ntawm hnub nyoog yuav muaj hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ntau yam, uas yog, saib nyob rau tib lub keeb kwm kev tshwm sim hloov lub sij hawm, thiab historians, qhov no fact yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Qhov xaus nws draws li nram qab no: kev txawj ntse ntawm yav dhau los yuav tsum tau ua lub neej rau yav tom ntej tiam zoo.

npaj txhij txog daim ntawv thov

lub sij hawm "ib tug apology" yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau cov chaw npaj txhij. "Npau taws heev heev" - tus naas ej role-playing kev ua si, uas yog ib tug RPG (kev ua si rau cov zaj) nrog lub tswv yim hais. "Npau taws heev heev" - ib zajlus ntug nrog nws tus kheej keeb kwm. Lub storyline yog raws li nram no: ib zaug ib tug hluas ntug twb puas lawm los ntawm ib tug comet poob lawm thiab vam meej Sarnaut phua rau hauv lwm daim (cov Great cataclysm). Astral absorbs cov Mirka. Lub essence ntawm "npau taws heev heev" - kom muaj sia nyob. Tag nrho cov npau taws heev heev interconnected portals. Ua si nrog cov inception ntawm txhua lub sij hawm tshiab tshiab lub sijhawm uas nws. Yog li, lub Lavxias teb sab neeg rau zaub mov guild "Apology" yog tsim tsis yog li ntawd ntev dhau los. "Npau taws heev heev" - ib tug domestic khoom, tsim los ntawm "Niva", uas nyob ob xyoos ua ntej Google. Nivalom (domestic tsim tawm ntawm ua si lub computer), raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no dav ntawm "npau taws heev heev" tau ua si xws li "Poob lawm nyob rau hauv Astral," "Npam ntiaj teb" thiab "Legends ntawm npau taws heev heev".