Unicorn: phom Shuvalov Lavxias teb sab artillery

Siv catapults ua kom puas rau tus yeeb ncuab ntawm ib tug deb nws twb xyaum txij ancient sij hawm. Ib tug tseem ceeb txhob nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho ntawm artillery riam phom tshwm sim tom qab lub tsos ntawm gunpowder. Catapults tshaj plaws ntawm yav dhau los, lawv tau hloov los ntawm txawv cov qauv ntawm cov phom, howitzers thiab mortars. Hloov sib ntaus sib tua tactics ua nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho ntawm artillery riam phom. Ib qho ntawm feem zoo meej nrws ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua yog tus unicorn cannon Shuvalov.

Kho kom zoo ntawm smoothbore artillery

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm XVIII los XIX xyoo pua kho kom zoo ntawm lub materiel nws twb muaj nyob rau hauv ib pab tub rog armed nrog Tsarist Russia: nws yooj yim to taub thiab unified. Cov kev hloov cuam tshuam qhov ntev ntawm lub artillery thiab lub thickness ntawm lawv phab ntsa. Significantly txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov calibers thiab friezes - ornaments ntawm tsob ntoo. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev koom ua ke los ua tau siv lub tib lub qhov chaw rau txawv seev. Unicorn (phom) - Ib tug tshiab riam phom tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv qhov hais kom ua feldtseyhmeystera General (Chief ntawm Artillery) suav Petra Ivanovicha Shuvalova. Howitzer ntawm no kis tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev pab cuam ntawm lub muaj koob muaj npe tub rog. Siv kho kom zoo tau txheeb ib tug neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab artillery nyob rau hauv lub 1812 tsov rog.

tsim tej hauj lwm

Team tub ceev xwm ntawm designers coj los Count Shuvalov coj ib tug ob peb xyoos ua hauj lwm rau lub creation ntawm tshiab thiab paub cov cuab yeej kom txog thaum uas koj tau txais txaus siab rau lawv cov qauv - ib tug tshiab phom - Shuvalov unicorn. "Ua koj tus kheej" - muaj kev niaj hnub craftsmen tshwj xeeb qhov chaw, muab tag nrho cov tsim nyog drawings thiab tsim. Tsim ib lub cuab tam rau uas twb muaj lawm npaj drawings - ib tug ntau npaum li cas yooj yim ua hauj lwm dua ib tug uas tau mus rau nrog rab phom tswv. Txij li thaum science nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog deb ntawm theoretical suav, ua hauj lwm rau tus tshiab phom qauv ua los ntawm mus sib hais thiab yuam kev.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm heev heev thwmsim, tsuas yog cov unicorns, muaj ntau ntau lwm cov qauv ntawm cov phom, feem ntau ntawm uas twb muab pov tseg. Ib tug ntawm cov kuaj tsis npaum li cas los lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog mus rau kev pab, lawv yog dvuhstvolny pushki- "ntxaib". Qhov no artillery daim yog ib tug ob-chim mounted rau ib tug carriage.

Shooting ntawm no riam phom twb nqa tawm nrog buckshot, uas muaj ntawm tws hlau rods. Nws twb assumed tias cov nyhuv ntawm firing xws li ib tug projectile yuav loj loj. Tom qab soj ntsuam, nws muab tawm hais tias nws ua tau zoo dual cannon tsis muaj zoo dua cov pa ib leeg-barreled.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub unicorn (phom)?

Lavxias teb sab artillery los ntawm 1757 twb nruab nrog ib tug tshiab lub cuab tam uas tsim los ntawm tub ceev xwm M. V. Danilovym thiab M. G. Martynovym. Cov riam phom yog tsim los hloov qhov ntev-barreled phom thiab howitzers. Nws lub npe - unicorn - Cannon tau txais lub mythical tsiaj uas yog portrayed nyob rau hauv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Count P. I. Shuvalova.

Qhov no yog hais rau cov Lavxias teb sab artillery phom ua ke nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov phom thiab howitzers, npaj rau kev tiaj tus thiab nkhaus hluav taws. Unicorns yog cov luv luv cannons. Shuvalovskie khoom chim muaj ib lub voj qe channel nyob rau hauv uas cov kab rov tav txoj kab uas hla ob peb lub sij hawm ntau tshaj qhov ntsug. Nyob rau hauv no nws txawv ntawm lub classical daim artillery. Lub pob tw ntawm lub Unicorn muaj tus duab ntawm ib lub voj qe lub khob hliav qab. Thaum firing thereof kab rov tav tsab ntawv tsa suab trajectory canister. Tsis phom progenitor feem ntau ntawm tus nqi mus cia rau hauv av, los yog ya hla lub taub hau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.

Tshwm sim reforming muaj koob muaj npe artillery

Tom qab lub Modernization ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob unicorn. Cov phom, uas yog nyob rau hauv qab daim duab, uas muaj tuaj kho artillery phom, nyob rau hauv uas muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov khoom ua ntej firing pab kiag li lawm.

Martynov thiab Daniel khoom nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb xam tias yog qhov zoo meej tshaj plaws, txij li thaum favorably nrog uas zoo sib xws kuaj ntawm lawv lightness thiab maneuverability. Hais txog ib puas xyoo siv cov muaj koob muaj npe tub rog phom unicorn, uas nws kos duab tau nug hais tias tus Lavxias teb sab nws Austrian phoojywg nyob rau hauv 1760.

Yuav ua li cas distinguishes tus qauv tshiab los ntawm lub classic artillery?

Yuav kom txhim kho cov kev taw qhia precision riam phom rau phiaj designers yog los tsim ib tug yooj yim diopter, uas yog txawm peem rau nrog ib tug unicorn. Cov phom twb nruab nrog ib rab phom, uas yog ib qhov nrog rau pem hauv ntej pom. Tua ntau Shuvalov khoom yog peb lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li hais tias ntawm lub lwm daim artillery. Unicorns muaj ib tug tsawg dua hnyav dua cov pa phom, tab sis loj npaum li cas thiab them nyiaj muaj peev xwm. Lawv differed thiab firing. Cov muaj peev xwm tsim hluav taws los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub taub hau mounted rau cov trajectory yog ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm xws li ib tug riam phom, xws li ib tug unicorn. Cov phom, cov thawj ntawm cov tshiab riam phom yog muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm heev dua lwm yam grazing hluav taws.

Yuav ua li cas projectiles raug rho tawm haujlwm ib tug upgraded qauv?

Shuvalov cannon yuav tua tej tawg hem, uas yog hollow kheej kheej zoo li uas muaj dub gunpowder thiab ntsuas nrog ntoo kav, fuses. Qhov no unicorns zoo xws li luv luv-howitzers. Lawv differed them ceev thiab ntau yam. unicorns nqi ob lub sij hawm tshaj lub howitzers.

Tsis tas li ntawd, coob leej ntau tus siv ntawm cores thiab txawv canister Unicorn. Cannon (Classic) twb npaj kom muaj flatness ntawm lub shooting. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab tso tawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, cov laus phom raug thawb rau pem hauv ntej infantry: lawv nce tsis ntau tshaj 15 degrees, thaum lub sij hawm lub cev Shuvalov unicorn tsa ceg rau shooting nyob rau 45 degrees.

Ib tug ntaus lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj

Ua ntej unicorns Lavxias teb sab thiab European armies siv lub cannon caliber 18-25 thiab 6-8 caliber howitzers. Tag Huv Tibsi ntev tau txiav txim piv iav thiab nws cov kav hauv lub cheeb. Classical phom thaum lub sij hawm twb tsis txawm peem rau nrog ib tug ntsia liaj qhov rooj, ces nws tseem hu ua beskamornoy. Lub chim channel nyob rau hauv lub rab phom dhau mus rau hauv lub hauv qab, uas twb tau pav ca daim ntawv los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hemisphere. Howitzer ntsia liaj qhov rooj muaj ib tug cylindrical zoo.

Unicorns yog nruab nrog ntsia liaj qhov rooj, uas yog conical zoo lawm. Chamber yog ib tug rear feem ntawm txo txoj kab uas hla nyob rau hauv artillery zoo li thiab npaj kev muab kartuznyh nqi.

Tus duab ntawm nws yog ib tug truncated lub khob hliav qab, uas twb kheej kheej hauv qab 2 nrog ib tug tob gauge. Vim li ib tug kev tsim kho, thaum taw rau lub hom phiaj phom kom ib tug zoo meej Centering thiab projectile ballistics.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm loading lub conical Camore tshiab phom yog yooj yim thiab ceev piv rau lub cylindrical chamber howitzers. Vim lub kev vam meej tsim ntawm lub unicorn muaj ib tug tsawg dua qhov hnyav, uas muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau nws Maneuvering. Tom qab 1808, nyob rau hauv Shuvalovskie phom los hloov lub kheej kheej tuaj tiaj hauv qab, muaj npawv. Lub qhov tob ntawm lub lag poob.

Yuav ua li cas artillery phom siv zoo?

Unicorns siv rau manufacturing tooj liab thiab hlau. Teb artillery tau nruab nrog peb-funt dag seev. Pudova phom ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas tau siv siege artillery. Rau av npaj Unicorns plaub caug-phaus, ua los ntawm cov cam khwb cia hlau.

Cannon 1757 qauv xyoo

Raws li dreadful odnopudovy unicorn tsis concede kaum yim-phom. Nws yuag yog 1.048 kg. Nws yog 64 phaus tsawg tshaj li rab phom. Nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas Shuvalovskie yus siab muaj. Raws li lawv tactical thiab kev yam ntxwv odnopudovy unicorn superior rau-phaus cannon, uas nyob rau hauv 1734 tau suav hais tias yog ib qho yooj yim ntawm lub teb artillery daim. Shuvalov zag muab tau kaum phaus lighter phom thiab muaj zoo puas nyhuv thaum firing buckshot. Odnopudovy unicorn surpassed thiab zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv hnyav howitzer. Ntsoog loj heev los ntawm cov hluav taws los yog tawg fragmentation bombs los ntawm ib tug paub cannon ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv yog ob lub sij hawm siab tshaj ntawm cov pa tawg hem siv odnopudovaya howitzer.

Raws li loj yog txiav txim?

Kom txog thaum lub XIX xyoo pua gauge ntsuas tau nqa tawm tsis los ntawm lub cheeb ntawm lub thoob channel. Siv rau artillery riam phom undertook no kwv yees luj ntawm lub nucleus. Tom qab kuaj trehpudovogo Unicorn caliber ntawm uas yog 320 hli, nws muab tawm hais tias lub twj paj nruag yog ib yam nkaus thiab hnyav thiab lub sij hawm-siv thaum loading. Cov pab neeg ntawm cov designers ua hauj lwm nrog cov qauv no ntawm artillery nres.

Nyob rau dab tsi lub hauv paus tau ua hauj lwm Shuvalovskie phom?

• Ua ntej embarking rau tus shooting unicorn ua rau yus lub hom phiaj.
• Raising thiab txos ntawm rab phom breech tau siv sighting pab kiag li lawm - screws.
• Yuav kom tig caj npab horizontally tshwj xeeb levers tau muab los ntawm designers.
• Kho aimed ntawm cov yeeb ncuab phom twb nqa tawm wedges.
• Ignition hmoov ua los ntawm cov wick, uas yog txawm peem rau nrog ib tug tsav teeb.
• Rau cov phom thiab unicorns envisaged muzzle loading: cov tub ntxhais, tej tawg hem thiab tin khob lawm ua tus sau nrog finely tws hlau (canister) yog muab tso rau hauv ib tug riam phom los ntawm cov thoob. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm unicorns plhaub ntawm lub sab saum toj ntawm lub thoob ntaus tapered lub khob hliav qab thiab nws hnyav heev tau raug kaw twb muaj muaj yog ib tug saib xyuas ntawm hmoov dub, uas ua vyshibalnuyu muaj nuj nqi.
• Thaum lub sij hawm lub combustion ntawm gunpowder twb tsim ib tug txaus tus nqi ntawm lub zog rau ejecting lub projectile los ntawm lub thoob. Tom qab Unicorns invention ho paub lub efficiency ntawm lub artillery daim. Shuvalov khoom los ntawm combustion ntawm gunpowder xwb zog yog kiag li surrendered bouncer projectile es npaum los ntawm kev ncua nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub thoob, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov pa phom.
• Tom qab txhua tus tua tus chim artillery ntxuav Bannik - tshwj xeeb txhuam, uas yog siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov yaj tawv.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov kom zoo dua ntawm ib tug luv luv-rab phom?

• Artillery tsim unicorn tsawg tshaj li ib tus txwm phom, tab sis ntau tshaj mortar.
• Cov khoom Shuvalova teeb twb payment rau ib tug deb ntawm txog peb txhiab. Meters. Qhov no deb thaum lub sij hawm twb xam tau tias tseem ceeb.
• Luv chim unicorn tsa nws cov neeg. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub zus tau tej cov kas tham rau lub artillery twb tsis tau zoo meej: lub xub ntiag ntawm me me irregularities rau lub puab nto ntawm lub thoob uas yuav tau hloov lub trajectory ntawm ib tug muab projectile, tshwm sim ntau zaus. Lub ntev lub thoob, qhov ntau dua hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm xws irregularities. Txo lub cev txo zaus hloov thiab unpredictable rotations zoo li thaum lub sij hawm tua, thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, tau zoo dua lub laij hits.
• Txo qhov luaj li cas ntawm lub pob tw muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov chaw thau khoom ceev. Ua ntej lub advent ntawm unicorns pa ib txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv phom robbed tsawg kawg yog 15 feeb.
• Shuvalov phom thiab khaws cov txheej txheem tswj yog yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub luv luv chim ntau zog degree ntxiv rau 45. Qhov no xam yuav tsis tau tiav los ntawm cov pa phom.

Shuvalov unicorn. Ua koj tus kheej

Yourselfers uas xav kom nyias muaj nyias ob txhais tes los tsim cov qauv ntawm cov riam phom rau koj sau, koj yuav tsum paub hais tias ua ntej koj pib raug unicorn layout, koj yuav tsum muaj ua ntej kuv ob lub qhov muag ib tug qauv rau yav tom ntej yam khoom. Master qauv yog yooj yim mus ua nrog rau qhov ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus saib ib zaug xwb scale. Qhov no tej zaum yuav siv tau qho khoom ua si tub rog, ntawm uas yuav khi rau qhov layout yav tom ntej artillery zoo li rau contingent qhov ntev ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev. Thaum ib tug zoo tua duab los qhia tswv qauv, koj yuav npaj mus rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm zoo sib xws, tab sis ntawm cov ntoo.

Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm nrog cov khoom no, nws yog pom zoo kom siv lacquer, uas tuav ua ke lub me me kom paub meej thiab tiv thaiv lawv xaav. Phom muaj ib tug ca saum npoo, lawv yuav tsum tau kho nrog koob ntaub ntawv. Cov khoom no yog pom zoo kom impregnate cov pa tooj liab sulfate, uas yuav tsum tau muas ntawm ib tug kho vajtse. Sam impregnation txheej txheem yog lub sij hawm-siv: tooj liab sulphate yuav tsum tau diluted nyob rau hauv ib tug me me ntim rau hauv uas tau tias ntsw rab phom puv. Raws li cov phom yuav tsaus ntuj, lawv yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj thiab ua los ntawm txoj kev felt los yog muab tshuaj txhuam (GOI los yog asidola). Qhov no txoj kev yuav tsum tau ob peb lub sij hawm. Tom qab nto kev kho mob seev yuav plausible bronze xim.

xaus

Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua steel nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub Urals raug xam tias yog ib tug lossis loj industrial complex, ua ntau hlau tshaj nyob rau hauv tej Western European lub teb chaws. Ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau mus suav Shuvalov ua rau nws tau kom paub peb engineering project. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm loj ntau lawm thaum ntxov raws li 1759 neeg ua hauj lwm tau raug muab ntiab 477 txawv qauv ntawm cov Unicorn: phom muaj rau calibers thiab tiv kev txom nyem ntawm 340 kg 3.5 tonnes.

Unicorns tau pov thawj zoo nyob rau hauv tsov rog tiv thaiv cov Turks, uas tau muab lub yeej tshaj Tsarist Russia lub Crimea thiab khoom Tshiab Russia. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov artillery daim nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua pub lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog mus ua lub muaj zog nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe.