Howitzer: specifications. Self-Propelled howitzer (yees duab)

Txij li thaum lub advent ntawm artillery nyob rau hauv lub arsenals ntawm cov tub rog ntawm txawv teb chaws muaj ib tug xav tau rau specialization ntawm ntau hom ntawm cov cuab yeej rau lawv npaj lub hom phiaj. Nruam kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus tiv thaiv, offensive hom kev kawm thiab tactics ntawm kev tsov kev rog coj mus rau lub division ntawm haib riam phom mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv.

ancient kamnemety

Ua tau, siege pab kiag li lawm - nyob deb npaum pog koob yawg koob artillery - pab cov Warriors mus ntes tus zuj castles thiab Fortress ntev ua ntej cov loj siv gunpowder. Lub catapult thiab cov lus rau Ballistae muzzle tshaj tawm (uas yog feem ntau lub pob zeb ntim nrog boiling ib, loj ntoo los yog cov stele) twb siv nyob rau hauv lub elastic thaj chaw ntawm stretch hlua, nyob rau hauv uas qhov siv ntawm intertwined hlau hlau. Cov momentum tau nyob rau hauv lub zawm yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb xauv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab muaj lo lus "howitzer". Specifications "kamnemetnoy tshuab" (raws li nrog lub German txhais lus ntawm ib lo lus Haubitz) twb heev coj, lawv tua rau ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm meters thiab ua ntau puas siab puas ntsws ua rau, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, thiab zoo kev txawj ntse ntawm suav yuav zoo yuav ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws kub (yog hais tias tus plhaub yog caws nplaum) . Progress nyob rau hauv lub cov pab kiag li lawm tau coj mus rau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tej thaj chaw deb riam phom systems.

artillery cov chav kawm

Pib los ntawm lub kaum plaub xyoo pua, European pab tub rog pib siv phom. Mortars thaum lub sij hawm los ua cov feem ntau haib chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov phom. Txawm lawv ominous lub npe (muab los ntawm lub Dutch mortier, nyob rau hauv lem, borrowed lub Latin paus mort - «tuag») qhia ib siab tuag hauj lwm zoo. Ntxiv downward yog howitzer, specifications ntawm uas (plhaub nyhav thiab ntau yam) yog dog dig ua tsis tau zoo li hais tias ntawm mortar. Qhov tseem ntau thiab mobile kawm ntawv pom tau hais tias rab phom (canon). Calibres sib txawv, tab sis nws tsis yog cia li lawv. Lub ntsiab seb mob dab tsi yog ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv siv lub thoob tsim, uas ua rau lawv lub sij hawm. Ntawm no, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog lub artillery ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ib lub xeev, txawm ces nws twb tau mus kos xaus hais txog tus xaiv yaam intentions thiab cov tub rog tej lus qhuab qhia ntawm nws tsoom fwv.

Evolution ntawm mortars thiab howitzers

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog sib ntaus sib tua positional tau sim hawm caij nyoog lub warring ob tog mus thov hnyav siege phom. Lo lus "mortar" poob mus rau hauv disuse sai sai tom qab lub yeej tshaj Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv 1945. Luv-tuab monsters muab txoj kev uas yuav sib zog loj-caliber mortars thiab nres bombers. Tom qab xam nyob rau hauv lub arsenal ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm missiles, xws li ballistic, qhov yuav tsum tau siv hnyav thiab qeeb-tsiv phom trudnotransportiruemyh sab sab. Qhov kawg los mus thov lawv cov me nyuam no yuav ua German designers tsim ib co phem dab rau nws loj xws li "Karl", uas muaj ib tug 600 hli caliber. Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm no legacy chav kawm ntawv yog ib tug luv luv lub cev nrog cov tuab phab ntsa. Big nce kwv yees li sau raws nkaus Ii yuav niaj hnub mortar qhia. Kartuzny txoj kev them, tshuav hnub no mas los ntawm haib nkoj thiab ntug dej-raws li phom, kuj pab mus rau tej chaw ntawm mortars. Explosives muaj ib tug loj kev nto, lawv yog hygroscopic, thiab nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tiag tiag tej yam kev mob los xyuas kom meej qhov cia tej yam kev mob yog zoo tsis yooj yim sua rau ib tug taag av noo. Tab sis qhov loj ntawm lub projectile thiab ib tug ntau yam howitzers firing los ua li ntawd no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm artillery yog tseem ua tau kom muab cov kev khiav dej num uas tau yav tas los ua mortar.

Parabolic trajectory, los yog vim li cas kuv xav tau ib tug howitzer?

Yuav kom teb tau lo lus nug no, nws yog tsim nyog los pib xav txog qhov ballistic trajectory ntawm qhov sib txawv cov chav kawm ntawm lub twj paj nruag. Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias twb tso tawm nrog rau cov thawj zaug linear ceev ntawm lub cev lub cev, seb nws yuav ib tug dog dig pob zeb los yog ib lub mos txwv tsis ya nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj kab thiab ib tug parabola. Cov ciaj ciam ntawm no daim duab tej zaum yuav sib txawv, tab sis nyob rau tib lub caij pib mem tes nce nyob rau hauv nce yuav txo tau cov kab rov tav deb ntawm uas no kwv yuav ya. Lub siab yog lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm txoj cai lub mus rau lub kab rov tav, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ib tug uas yuav hais tias cov khiav plhaub (los yog tib yam pob zeb) ntog rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm lub thrower. Lub steepness ntawm txoj kev, thiab yog dab tsi yog txawv los ntawm lub howitzer rab phom. Nws kuj txhais thiab siv lub sij hawm.

Nyob rau hauv dab tsi tus neeg mob thiab dab tsi mus tua

Yog hais tias peb hais tsis xav hais tias tus yeeb ncuab nrhiav tau sai dlua txoj hauj lwm ntawm tej pab tub rog, ces nws yuav tsum tau yuav tsum los ntawm ib tug nres. Nyob rau hauv lub pre-shelled fortified cheeb tsam pab yaj tso tsheb hlau luam thiab infantry txhawb nres aircraft. Nyob rau hauv lub teb, cov tiv thaiv sab yuav thov countermeasures rau hluav taws los ntawm lawv tus kheej artillery thiab me me caj npab. Tab sis yog hais tias tus nres yog leej twg, nws yuav tsum tau pre-tsa cov teb chaw tiv thaiv, khawb trenches tag nrho profile, ua bunkers thiab pillboxes, firing sectors uas ua rau nws nyuaj clearance kab kws muaj txuj ci. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, txhua tus ntawm cov tog yuav ua txhua yam rau tabkaum tus yeeb ncuab ua. Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem, qhov hluav taws kub rau hauv av tob tshaj qhov tiv thaiv subunits yuav tsum tau ua xwb los ntawm ib tug txoj kev hu ua hinged. Flatness (ie, yuav luag thaum uas tig mus rau lub qab ntug) hluav taws yuav pab tsis tau: Tus yeeb ncuab tej tub rog securely muab zais qab parapets thiab lwm yam kev tiv thaiv lug. Yuav luag puas yuav ua tau ib tug qub phom. Howitzer, uas nws cov yam ntxwv yog mounted, yuav "haus luam yeeb tawm" cov defenders ntawm lub trenches thiab dugouts, heaping zoo li nyob rau hauv lawv lub taub hau los ntawm lub ntuj. Cannon yog firing cov neeg uas tiv thaiv. Lawv yuav tsum ua kom puas raws li muaj ntau yam yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov tub rog khiav mus rau txoj haujlwm. Lawv yuav ua tus nres.

caliber howitzer

Teeb meem ntawm niaj hnub howitzer artillery deb tshaj li yav tas los txhais voj voog. Hinged trajectory ntawm lub projectile yog tsis tsuas zoo mus koom manpower, sheltered nyob rau hauv trenches thiab dugouts, tab sis kuj rau lwm cov laj thawj. Fortifications tiv thaiv los ntawm ib tug tuab txheej ntawm kev reinforced feem ntau thiab heev dug rau hauv av. Lub frontal cov cuab yeej ntawm tso tsheb hlau luam thiab lwm yam armored tsheb muaj peev xwm ntawm tiv ntau armor txhais tau tias, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws kev ruaj khov ntxiv. Yog hais tias cov pa phom siab raug tiav ua tsaug rau siab thawj zaug tshaj tawm los ntawm lub projectile, yog ib lub yam kev mob rau xeeb kawg parameter yog tus kwv tij lub teeb ceeb thawj ntawm lub projectile nws tus kheej. Loj caliber - uas txawv los ntawm cov howitzer rab phom. Rau cov hoob kawm no ntawm cov cuab yeej uas yuav tsum tau 100-millimeter tus neeg zoo li, thiab muaj yog txawm loj.

B-4

Howitzer - ib lub cuab tam tsis yooj yim, thiab qhov no yog nws ntiag tug, ua ke nrog ib tug offensive hom phiaj tsim tej yam teeb meem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm nws yog heev muaj kev vam meej daim ntawv thov yuav pab raws li ib tug zoo-paub B-4 (52-L-625), tsim nyob rau hauv lub thirties thiab twb dhau tag nrho tsov rog. Nyhav phom, nrog rau cov carriage, chim nrog zawv zawg qhov chaw thiab ib tug qev ib feem, ntau tshaj 17 (!) Tonnes. Yuav kom tshem nws, koj yuav tsum tau qhov tsheb laij teb. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo cov kev load rau hauv av yog thov crawler. Lub caliber ntawm rab phom - 203 hli los yog 8 nti. Projectile tsa hnyav, nws nyhav los ntawm 145 kg rau quintals (betonoboynymi embodiment), yog li ntawd lub mov ntawm cov mos txwv yog nqa rau ib tug tshwj xeeb rau cov menyuam conveyor. Muab xam los muaj kaum tsib neeg. Thaum kuj tsis tshua muaj muzzle tshaj tawm (los ntawm 300 mus 600 m / s) ntau yam ntawm firing ib howitzer B-4 tshaj 17 km. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nqi - ib tug txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv tom qab ob feeb. Cov phom muaj ib tug lossis loj puas hwj chim uas twb pom hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ua phem rau lub Mannerheim kab thaum lub sij hawm lub caij ntuj no ua tsov ua rog nrog Finland. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ib tug ob peb lub xyoo nws ua qhov tseeb hais tias yav tom ntej yog rau nws tus kheej-propelled artillery systems.

SU-152

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej npaum li cas los Soviet designers nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsim lub feem ntau tshaj nws tus kheej-propelled units, los ua tus SU-152. Nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug xws li ib tug lus teb rau cov emergence ntawm ib tug haib armored German tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrog ntev-barreled phom yuav tua rau peb cov khoom ntawm ib tug deb (kilometers los yog ntau tshaj). Cov txaus ntseeg kawg nkaus txoj kev uas yuav ua kom puas ib tug zoo-defended lub hom phiaj ciali mus npog nws hnyav plhaub ya rau hinged Parabolic trajectory. Howitzer 152 hli caliber ML-20, mounted rau ib tug tank (SW) mus rau ib tug tsau chassis muab nrog ib tug ntov thiab muaj pov thawj mechanisms resetting txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm mus daws tau qhov teeb meem no.

"Carnation"

Lub post-tsov rog lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov tub rog-kev nam yog yus raws li ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm loj hlob sai ntawm kev siv technology tshiab tuition. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm piston aircraft xyaw los dav hlau thrust. Ib txhia ntawm cov kev pab raws qib feeb qhia lub Gunners pib kom daws tau qhov missile pab tub rog. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tug revaluation thiab tus piv ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab tus nqi. Lub Txias Tsov rog, nyob rau hauv ib tug kev txiav txim zoo los ua ib tug kev sib tw thiab economic systems. Lub sij hawm thaum "tus nqi tsis sawv", twb muaj nyob rau. Nws muab tawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm ib tug artillery round yog considerably tsawg dua ib tug tactical missile community launch ntawm txog sib npaug zos cov hauj lwm zoo, qhia raws li ib tug puas quab yuam. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, nws yog to taub ib zaug: Khrushchev tus coj noj coj tau poob mus rau ib tug tej yam zoo siab tom qab cov tsos nyob rau hauv lub arsenal ntawm lub Soviet Army missile tus me nyuam lub nruab. Nyob rau hauv 1967 nyob rau Kharkov Tsheb Laij Teb (ntawm cov hoob kawm) cov nroj tsuag tau tsim "liab" - tus thawj Soviet "paj" self-propelled howitzer. Kev yam ntxwv ho superior rau qhov tsis muaj tag nrho cov artillery, ua tub rog-industrial complex ntawm lub USSR ua ntej. Yuav siv cov foob pob ua ntxaij-pab projectile (ib co hybrid artillery mos txwv nrog ib tug foob pob ua ntxaij), nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub firing ntau zog los ntawm 15,3 rau 21,9 kilometers. Nqi yuav yog sib txawv: cumulative, high-heev, hluav taws xob (tsim cuam), haus luam yeeb thiab lwm yam, xws li tshwj xeeb (tshuaj). Ntev deb mus rau lub kawg taw tes ntawm cov trajectory tso cai rau siv riam phom uas huab hwm coj puas tsuaj. Lub maj mam armored lub cev tsis muaj tsev nyob mos txwv plaub caug zoo li.

"Acacia"

Howitzer, tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab - lig sixties, nkag mus hauv kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv 1970. Nws muaj peev xwm tua ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 20-30 km (nyob ntawm seb version). Lub tshuab nws tus kheej yog yooj yim zoo nkauj, nws nyhav npaum li cas tsawg tshaj li qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub tank, uas twb tiav ib tug txo nyob rau hauv cov huab hwm coj ntawm tej cuab yeej. Nws tseem yog tau ncaj qha hluav taws, tab sis lub hom phiaj tseem tib yam - defeat lub hom phiaj ntawm cov chaw taws teeb. Chassis ua los ntawm perednemotornoy tswvyim tau muaj pov thawj nws tsim nyog thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo. Tus tsim yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev paub ntawm cov creation ntawm lub ACS 100, thiab lub vim li cas rau lub reminiscence yog tus xub ntiag ntawm American phom M-109, muaj peev xwm tua ib tug muaj hwj huam tswv yim nuclear xwb (TNT sib npaug ntawm 100 tons). Cov lus teb yog "Acacia" - howitzer uas tsis muaj zuj zus yam ntxwv.

Czech "Dana"

Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus tub rog ntawm lub socialist lub teb chaws twb ua ntaj riam thaiv nrog Soviet cov qauv ntawm cov tub rog cov khoom, tiam sis muaj kev zam. Obviously, nws nco ntsoov yav dhau los glories (thiab ua ntej lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II, Czechoslovakia yog ib tug ntawm cov uas lub manufacturers ntawm riam phom nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe thiab thoob ntiaj teb), engineers los ntawm Czechoslovakia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-seventies, tsim thiab ua ib tug tshiab artillery phom, uas muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm koj rau lub sij hawm tactical thiab kev cov ntaub ntawv. Self-Propelled howitzer "Dana" yus siab npaum li cas ntawm cov hluav taws (ib txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv ib feeb), muaj ib tus me xam (6 tus neeg), tab sis nws cov ntsiab kom zoo dua yog ib tug zoo chassis "Tatra", uas muaj maneuverability, agility thiab ceev. lub teb chaws tus coj noj coj, txawm xaiv cov purchase ntawm lub Czech txuj ci tseem ceeb rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub Soviet Army, tab sis paub tias nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog ua hauj lwm los tsim lawv tus kheej, txawm zoo howitzer zoo li, tus xav li cas tsis kam los txwv cov purchase ntawm ob peb cov ntawv luam rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm "fraternal cov kev ". Self-Propelled howitzer "Dana" thiab hnub no yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab nrog lub Czech koom pheej, Slovakia, Poland, Libya thiab ob peb lwm lub teb chaws nyob qhov twg no lub cuab tam no twb xa tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR. Thaum lub sij hawm Georgian-Ossetian teeb meem, lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog ntes peb "muab" raws li trophies.

D-30: Phom Classics

Nrog rau tag nrho cov nplua mais ntawm nws tus kheej-propelled artillery systems, lub pheej yig tshaj ib yog ib tug dog dig log howitzer. 152-hli phom Soviet lawm hu rau nws cov yam ntxwv silhouette nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv lub tua txoj hauj lwm carriage, tso kiag rests rau peb txhawb mus rau hauv av, yog li ntawd lub log tsis kov hauv av, uas yuav muab - nyob rau hauv ib tes - ib tug txhim khu kev qha kev kawm, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - ua rau nws tau coj ib lub yeej firing. Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm lub howitzer D-30 - txhaj tshuaj deb li cas los 5.3 km, uas nyob rau hauv feem ntau yog txaus. Tsheb thauj mus los ntawm riam phom tsis yog ib tug teeb meem: nws nyhav 3.2 tons, uas ua rau nws ua tau rau thauj nws nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov txuas hniav, thiab cov ib txwm "Ural" yuav siv tau raws li ib tug tsheb laij teb. Simplicity, kev cia siab thiab high efficiency - cov no yog cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm Lavxias teb sab riam phom. D-30 thiab D-30A txaus siab yuav rau kev tiv thaiv kev xav tau ntawm txawv teb chaws, thiab ib co ntawm lawv (Tuam Tshoj, Yugoslavia, Tim lyiv teb chaws, Iraq) xam tau tias yog nws tsim nyog mus yuav cov ntaub ntawv rau lawv lawm. Thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi ua no howitzer. Diam duab ntawm lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress muab ib tug ib txwm nrab hnub pov muaj tseeb adorn no lub cuab tam.

Ntaj thiab ntaub thaiv npog

Lavxias teb sab howitzer - ib tug indispensable tivthaiv ntawm artillery thiab missile ua daim hlau thaiv peb lub teb chaws. Lawv offensive lub sij hawm hais lus hais txog lub Aggressiveness ntawm cov tub rog tej lus qhuab qhia, tab sis vim tsis muaj lub ntiaj teb no tus tub rog tsis kav tawm tau ntawm nres los yog pre-emptive ntaus, txoj cai? Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yog dab tsi zoo ntawm artillery me ntsis tau hloov npaum li ntawd thiab lub universalization nta zoo li ib tug howitzer. Kev yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej koj yuav siv nws rau tua ntawm tiaj trajectory, uas yog siv rau tus tiv thaiv, xws li anti-tank.

A hmoov yuav tsum nco ntsoov cia kom qhuav.