Ua tus txiv neej lub koob lub cev hauv Lavxias? Cov poj niam txiv neej puas khawm txawv?

Los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, coob leej tau kawm txog txoj cai thaum hais txog kev sau ntawv thiab sau ntawv, cov poj niam lub npe tsis raug nrog cov neeg mob, thiab txiv neej - ntawm qhov tsis sib thooj, raws li cov lus piv txwv los yog lub npe. Nws puas yog txhua yam yooj yim, thiab seb tus txiv neej txawv teb chaws yog inclined rau hauv Lavxias - qhov no yog qhov kev kawm ntawm qhov tshooj no, raws li cov duab ntawm L.P. Kalakutsk, luam tawm xyoo 1984.

Tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem

Muaj ntau ntau yam nyob rau hauv uas muaj peev xwm thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov npe ntawm cov poj niam muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb heev:

• Tus me nyuam pib kawm tom tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nws yuav tsum kos npe rau ib phau ntawv sau los yog phau ntawv teev lus kom raug.
• Ib tug tub hluas lossis ib tus neeg laus yog tus tau txais daim ntawv kawm tiav lossis daim ntawv ua tsaug.
• Thaum muaj kev tshwm sim loj heev, lawv tshaj tawm qhov tsos lossis pom ntawm ib tug txiv neej uas muaj lub npe loj heev. Nws yog tsis kaj siab yog tias nws yog distorted.
• Thaum sau txog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb (daim ntawv pov thawj, daim diploma) los yog npaj cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev neeg (hauv tsev hais plaub, ntawm tus neeg pov thawj).
• Paub seb txiv neej cov npe yog inclined, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov neeg ntawm ntau txoj hauj lwm uas muaj feem xyuam nrog cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntiag tug los yog lwm cov ntawv lag luam.

Lavxias teb menyuam yaus

Cov feem ntau surnames nyob rau hauv Russia - nrog lus - ck (-tsk) s (-ev) nyob rau hauv (-yn): Razumovsky, Slutsky, Ivan Turgenev, Mukhin, Sinitsyn. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yooj yim lean, xws li ordinary adjectives, nyob rau hauv ob qho tag nrho cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej. Exception - surnames Poj niam, -Nyob rau hauv, qhov kawg ntawm uas tus prepositional cov ntaub ntawv yog sib txawv dog dig los ntawm cov tsoos.

Txawv teb chaws npe nrog suffix -Nyob rau hauv (-yn) kuj muaj ib tug mismatch nrog lub Lavxias teb sab instrumental cov ntaub ntawv. Xav txog qhov piv txwv:

Vail hais txiv neej lub npe rau ntawm th rho tawm cov tom qab - ck, uas yog tseem pom nyob rau hauv Russia (Tolstoy, ceev faj, qhuav)? Ob peb (hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm philology muaj ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho ntawm lawv), lawv yoojyim hloov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xws li cov adjectives uas zoo sib xws.

Ukrainian surnames

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws Ukrainian lub npe - rau -enko thiab ko: Bondarenko, Lucko, Molodyko. Yog hais tias koj saib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab, tom qab ntawd cov duab kos duab (AP Chekhov, piv txwv), cov neeg sau ntawv kuj tsis txaus siab kho lawv cov ntawv sau rau tus txiv neej thiab feem ntau: "Let's mus saib Bondarenkas".

Qhov no tsis muaj tseeb, vim hais tias kev sau ntaub ntawv txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo nkauj thiab kev sib txuas lus. Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm seb cov txiv neej yuav Ukrainian surnames - EHKO thiab ko, yooj yim - tsis muaj. Piv Txwv:

• Kuv sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Oleg Bondarenko.
• Nws muaj kev ywj pheej nrog Ivan Luchko.

Thiab qhov no siv rau tag nrho cov thwjtim ntawm Ukrainian keeb kwm, txawm yog tsawg li Alekhno, Rushailo, Xab npum, Tolokno. Tsis txhob ntshiv rau ntawm qhov xeem -ago, -ovo, -yago: Vodolaga, Durnovo, Dubyago. Thiab ua li cas rau cov uas tau xaus rau ntawm consonants?

Lub npe ntawm lub consonant yog k

Keeb kwm, lus -uk (-yuk) qhia yog ib khub niam txiv los yog tus semantic keeb kwm: tub Ivan - Ivanchuk, Assistant Cooper - Bondarchuk. Mus rau ib tug ntau dua, lawv yog xam nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm thaj av ntawm Ukraine, tab sis yog dav faib ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg Slavic. Ua tus txiv neej yawg khoov rau hauv?

Raws li cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab poj niam lub npe yog tsis hloov rau tus neeg mob, tab sis cov txiv neej, xaus nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiaj ntawv (tsuas yog - kawg -their, -s), leaning ntawm ib tug yuav tsum hauv paus:

• Kuv tau sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Olga Dimitryuk.
• Kuv tau raug caw tuaj xyuas Igor Shevchuk.
• Kuv nyuam qhuav pom Sergei Ignatyuk.

Kev hloov ntawm rooj plaub thiab tag nrho cov npe ntawm lub npe: Mole, Wolf, Wind, Pillar. Muaj ib qho kev ywj pheej ntawm no: yog lub npe hu ua Slavic, ces cov ntawv vau hauv cov hauv paus no tsis yog ib txwm khaws cia. Hauv kev txiav txim nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev sau ntawv, txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov chaw tsis xav txog tus hu ua tsis ncaj ncees. Ua piv txwv, koj tuaj yeem xav txog lub npe Zayats. Nws yog ntau tshaj tawm hais tias: "Nws hu ua Ivan lub Hare". Qhov no yog kev tso cai, tab sis ntau tshaj qhov tseeb: "Nws hu ua Ivan lub Hare."

Kev ncua mus Ukraine thiab lub npe rau -tuples, -IR: Pochinok, Gorelik. Paub txog txoj cai uas txhua tus txiv neej lub npe nrog rau cov consonants nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los teb rau lo lus nug seb tus ntshiv cov txiv neej lub npe rau -k:

• Nws tuaj rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Ilya Pochinka (ntawm no daim ntawv pov tseg ploj).
• Nws paub tias Larisa Petrik.

Ib qho kev zam rau txoj cai

Lub Slavs yog feem ntau nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub tsev neeg yog lawv (-s): Dub nciab, Ilyinskikh. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 20th xyoo pua, txiv neej surnames nrog zoo xws li xaus feem ntau hloov los ntawm cov neeg mob. Niaj hnub no, raws li cov qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, qhov no tsis yog lawm.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov zauv los ntawm qhov chaw ntau tshaj tawm yuav tsum muaj kev txuag ntawm lawv tus kheej:

• Nws tuav ob txhais tes nrog Peter bela tus.

Txawm hais tias muaj suab nrov ntawm qhov kawg, qhov no yog kev zam rau txoj cai uas koj xav paub txog thaum teb cov nqe lus nug ntawm seb cov npe txiv neej puas yog.

Heev ntau yog xaus rau -h: Stojkovic, Rabinovich, Gorbach. Ntawm no yog txoj cai dav dav:

• Tos kom mus ntsib Semyon Rabinovich.
• Ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm Anna Porhach nyiam nws ntau heev.

Armenian surnames

Armenia yog ib lub teb chaws me me uas nws cov pejxeem tsis tshua muaj tshaj 3 plhom neeg. Tiam sis hais txog 8.5 lab. Diaspora nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws, ces cov Armenian surnames yog heev. Lawv feem ntau muaj peev xwm yuav qhia los ntawm cov tsoos kawg - en (Yang): Avdzhan, Dzhigarkhanyan. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, muaj ib tug ntau archaic daim ntawv ntawm tsev neeg: -ants (-yants) -unts, uas hnub no yog kis tau nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Armenia Kurants, Sarkisyants, Tonunts. Puas yog tus txiv neej Armenian lub npe khoov?

Nws yog nyob rau cov cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, uas twb tau hais nyob hauv tsab xov xwm. Txiv neej surnames nrog consonant ntawm qhov kawg, raug rau declension los ntawm rooj plaub:

• ua ke nrog Armen Avdzhanom (nyob rau "ua ke nrog Anush Avdzhan");
• Kuv saib cov zaj duab xis starring George Tonuntsa (tus "zaj duab xis starring Lily Tonunts").

Xaus ntawm lub niam ntawv

Nyob twj ywm unchanged cov txiv neej lub npe, yog hais tias lawv yog, tsis hais ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm los yog tswv cuab ntawm ib tug lub teb chaws, kawg nyob rau hauv cov nram no ntawv niam: thiab, s, v, w, e, f Piv txwv li :. Gandhi Dzhusoyty Shoigu, Camus, Maigret, Manet. Hauv qhov no, nws tsis ua txhua yam, qhov nyuaj siab ntawm thawj zaug los yog lub suab lus kawg yog nyuab siab. Cov no suav nrog Moldovan, Indian, Fabkis, Georgian, Italis thiab Turkic npe. Piv txwv li: "Tsis ntev los no, nws tau nyeem cov kwv huam los ntawm Shota Rustaveli." Tiam sis yog tias cov txiv neej yog inclined mus rau lub npe - thiab (kuv)?

Ntawm no muaj ob qho kev xaiv, yog li nws yog qhov zoo dua los qhia lawv nyob rau hauv lub rooj:

Yuav kom sau cov kev txawj ntse ntawm seb cov txiv neej tau ris lub npe - thiab muaj ib tug algorithm hais tias yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv koj cov ntsis ntiv tes.

German lub npe

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm German surnames zoo ib yam li lawv cov keeb kwm hauv lwm lub xeev: feem ntau yog muab los ntawm cov npe, cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj, cov npe ntawm cov nicknames los yog txoj haujlwm ntawm lawv cov neeg sawv cev.

Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm thaj tsam Volga los ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas hauv xyoo pua 18th tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias lawv cov kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia feem ntau yog ua tiav nrog kev ua yuam kev, yog li ntau cov npe zoo sib xws nrog kev tsis sib thooj hauv ib los yog ob tsab ntawv. Tab sis qhov tseeb, txhua tus ntawm lawv, uas tsis tshua muaj kev zam, xaus rau ntawm cov lus tsis txaus siab, yog li thaum teb lo lus nug seb tus txiv neej German surnames yog inclined, nws yog tau rau xeev nrog tseeb: yog. Tsuav txhob yog cov: Goethe, Heine, Otto thiab lwm leej lwm tus, xaus nyob rau hauv ib tug cim.

Txij thaum German surnames sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, lawv yuav tsum tau txawv los ntawm Slavic. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub sib xws, xws li Muller, Hoffmann, Wittgenstein, hma, muaj yog lawv xaus: Dietrich, Freundlich, Ulrich. Lavxias teb sab surnames ua ntej -their tsis tshua mos consonants, muaj khoom officers. Qhov no yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov lus muaj yuav luag tsis muaj adjectives nrog zoo xws li fundamentals. Slavic surnames, tsis zoo li cov German, tsis lean (Tsib, Borovsky).

Yog tias tom kawg ntawm -b lossis -yog

Cov cai los ntawm cov uas tus txiv neej yuav npe, muaj kev raws li lub hauv paus raws li mus tsis muaj kawg, kuj siv rau cov neeg mob qhov twg kawg yog muab tso rau -B los yog th. Lawv hloov nrog tus neeg mob raws li cov ntsiab lus hais txog tus thib ob. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub instrumental cov ntaub ntawv yog tshwj xeeb yog qhov xaus - om (nws). Lawv pom tias yog txawv teb chaws. Yuav kom teb tau lo lus nug ntawm seb cov txiv neej yog inclined rau lub npe thiab -B th, xav txog ib qho piv txwv:

• Nominative (leej twg?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Genitive (ntawm leej twg?): Vrubel, Hyde;
• Dative (leej twg?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Accusative (leej twg?): Vrubel, Hyde;
• Instrumental (los ntawm leej twg?): Vrubel, Gaidai;
• Prepositional (rau leej twg?): Hais txog Vrubel txog Gaidai.

Muaj kev zam rau txoj cai. Yog li, tsis yawg hma lub npe (Pelmen), thiab tseem coincide nrog lub npe ntawm thaj chaw (Uruguay, Taiwan). Txawm hais tias mos mos kos npe rau sawv tom qab ib tug uas sov (Hmo ntuj, nas), lub xeem leaning txiv neej version.

Ob chav thiab cov cim thib ob

Suav, Nyab Laj thiab Kauslim Teb yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv cov pej xeem muaj npe cov npe uas muaj ob peb lo lus. Yog hais tias lawv xaus rau hauv cov lus tsis txaus siab, lawv yuav raws li cov kev cai dav dav, tab sis tsuas yog lawv lub xeem. Piv Txwv:

• Peb mloog mus rau nws, Kim Chen Ira.

Lavxias teb sab muab ob npaug rau surnames yog inclined rau ob sab ntawm lub kev cai:

• Daim duab ntawm Petrov-Vodkin;
• Theatre ntawm Nemirovich-Danchenko.

Yog tias thawj qhov tsis yog lub npe, tab sis nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb, nws tsis hloov los ntawm rooj plaub:

• Ter-Hovhannisyan qhov leap;
• khoom Demuth-Malinovsky.

Yog hais tias tus txiv neej surnames ntawm lwm lub teb chaws txawv teb chaws yog inclined, nyob nkaus ntawm cov cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab qauv sau ntawv, uas tau hais nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev siv ntau tshaj ib tus los sis tus xov tooj tshaj nyob hauv kev teev npe ntawm ob tug neeg tseem tsis tau piav qhia.

Tib thiab ntau tshaj ib tus

Nyob rau hauv dab tsi mob yog tus plural siv, thiab nyob rau hauv uas zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws pom los ntawm lub rooj:

Txiv neej lub npe, tsis zoo li cov poj niam tus txiv, zoo, tab sis muaj ntau yam pom hauv tsab xov xwm, thaum lawv tseem tsis raug hloov. Cov txheej xwm tseem ceeb yog qhov xaus ntawm lo lus thiab lub teb chaws ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub xeem.