Angiosperms: piv txwv. Flowering nroj tsuag

Cov pawg angiosperms tau tsim ntau tshaj 125 lab lub xyoos dhau los. Thiab txog tam sim no muaj cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog lub sij hawm ua tswv (era) ntawm lawv tshwm sim. Ib txhia hu ua lub Cretaceous lub sij hawm, lwm leej lwm tus hais lus ntawm ib tug theem ua ntej lawm, peb thov nyob rau tom qab.

Muaj tsis muaj kev ntseeg hais tias pawg no ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau noj tshaj li ntawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tau tswm kiag rau txhua daim ntawm lub ntiaj teb, los ntawm kev siv tsheb thob rau hav zoov kom sov thiab dej hiav txwv ntawm Africa thiab Arctic.

Dab tsi yog lawv, angiosperms? Piv txwv, tus cwj pwm thiab cov khoom ntawm ib taxon, qhov kev faib tawm no yuav raug saib xyuas hauv qab no.

Angiosperms: tus cwj pwm dav dav

Nws lub npe raug muab rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg neeg no rau lub peev xwm los npog cov noob uas muaj ntaub so ntswg los yog cov tawv nqaij ntawm lub fetus. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub paj, uas yog ib daim ntawv tuaj saib ntawm taxon, feem ntau ntau nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab loj, xim thiab zaub mov muaj nqis ntawm tus qauv raug tsim. Lawv hu ua txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Cov nroj tsuag nws tus kheej - yog ib txoj kev khiav, tawm hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub hauv paus system thiab muaj ib lub paj, qia thiab nplooj. Qhov kev hloov ua rau me nyuam yaus, ua rau muaj kev tshwj xeeb thiab kev yoog kom muaj kev sib hloov thiab kev thaj yeeb tshiab rau kev sib haum xeeb, yog lub paj.

Ib cov qauv kev loj hlob uas muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm cov nta thiab kev hloov ua rau nws ua tau rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm gymnosperms, bryophytes, thiab cov ntsej muag zoo li sawv cev. Niaj hnub no, lub ntiaj teb tuaj ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb yog qhov zoo nkauj, ci, thiab ntau yam hauv lub neej ua cov tshuaj angiosperms. Piv txwv ntawm lawv tuaj yeem tau muab rau ntev heev, vim tias muaj ntau tshaj 13,000 tus menyuam nyob ntawm no. Luv luv peb tuaj yeem hais li no: tag nrho cov nroj tsuag uas muaj ib lub paj yog angiosperms.

General layout ntawm lub tsev

Lub ntsiab kabmob uas muaj txhua tus mej zeej ntawm lub pab pawg neeg - cov uas muaj tshwm sim rau txhua dua cov nroj tsuag: cov hauv paus hniav, qia, nplooj. Ib qho qauv ntxiv uas muab cov angiosperms uas tseem tsis tau los nyob ntawm dej rau txoj kev ntawm kev luam tawm yog paj.

Qhov chaw ntawm lub paj: daim ntawv kawm, tus kws lij choj, pedicel, tus tsiaj txhu, cov poj niam, pistil, stigma ntawm pistil, stamens. Tag nrho cov qauv no yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li lub plawv hauv lub cev, nrog rau cov uas tom qab los ua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas tiv thaiv lub noob kom tag nrho maturation.

Cov neeg txaus siab rau cog paj rau lawv cov kev zoo nkauj txawv thiab rhiab, lub qab ntxiag ntxhiab. Lawv siv lawv cov khoom kho mob, rho cov khoom tawm tau, muab cog nrog cov hom phiaj ntawm cov dej khov thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo cua hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.

Rau cov nroj tsuag lawv tus kheej - paj pab tau ib qho tseem ceeb hloov khoom nruab nrog, uas muab lawv tawm ntawm cov dej, nyob ntawm seb yug me nyuam, vim hais tias tam sim no nws yog ua li cas nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm ob fertilization. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo muab kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv cov noob, nrog rau kev koom tes hauv lawv cov dispersion thaum noj los ntawm cov tsiaj, nws kuj yog ib qho loj ntxiv uas yog qhia qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv angiosperms ntawm lwm cov nroj tsuag.

Txawv qauv ntawm paj, ntau yam ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav ua rau kom txoj kev ntawm pollination, uas tseem muaj txhawb rau ntau nthuav thiab dispersal ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Distinctive nta

Ntawm chav kawm, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj thiab txhim khu kev qha innovation rau flowering nroj tsuag yog tsim ntawm ib lub paj. Txawm li cas los, tsis tsuas yog qhov no, tab sis kuj muaj lwm cov cim qhia ntawm angiosperms zoo haum thiab paub meej tias lawv cov huab hwm coj predominance ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub flora. Xws li, piv txwv, li:

• Lub xub ntiag ntawm kev coj ua zoo dua qub, suav nrog cov ntsej muag zoo li lub hauv siab thiab cov ntaub ntawv phloem. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom ceev nrooj cov zaub mov tsim nyog thiab dej, thiab txhawb nqa cov organic khoom mus rau seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau lawv lub hom phiaj cia ntxiv.
• Kev tiv thaiv ntawm seminal qauv los ntawm pericarp, feem ntau qhov tuab nqaij ntawm fetus.
• Muaj ntau hom kev pleev xim (cua, kab, tsiaj txhu, noog, tus kheej-pollination, hla qhov pollination thiab lwm tus).
• Cov khoom nruab nrog cev (gametophytes) muaj peev xwm tsim tau sai thiab yooj yim, yog nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev sporophyte nws tus kheej.
• Biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Ntau tus neeg sawv cev muaj tshuaj lom neeg, alkaloids, flavonoids, phytoncides thiab lwm yam, uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev noj cov tsiaj thiab tiv thaiv lawv ntawm suppressing lawv txoj kev loj hlob rau lwm cov nroj tsuag.
• Cov qauv ntawm angiosperms txhais tau hais tias lawv lub neej nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntaub ntawv - cov ntoo, shrubs, shrubs, ib nrab-shrubs, grasses, lianas.

Xws li txawv txav ua no pab pawg ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrov heev, tsis muaj zog, txais tau thiab dav dispersed. Thiab tseem tsim nyog thiab tseem ceeb rau ib tug neeg thiab nws txoj kev ua lag luam.

Kev faib tawm

Muaj ntau tshaj 250 txhiab hom ntawm angiosperms, koom ua ke ntawm 13 txhiab genera ntawm 350 tsev neeg. Systematics yog heev heev nyob rau hauv taxa thiab nyob rau hauv cov neeg sawv cev.

Qhov kev faib tawm no yog nyob raws feem ntau ntawm cov kev kawm ntawm angiosperms, uas muaj ob:

• Monocotyledonous nroj tsuag;
• Dicotyledons.

Txhua chav kawm yog muaj los ntawm ntau cov tsev neeg, nrog rau ntau hom tsiaj ntawv sib txawv thiab thoob plaws txhua cheeb tsam.

Chav Kawm Dua Qub

Nws muaj xws li angiosperm nroj tsuag, piv txwv uas yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus muaj nyob rau hauv tsev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov potted paj. Cov no yog cov violets, begonias, spuamillums, ficuses. Los ntawm vaj-vaj tag nrho Rosaceae thiab Nightshade, Cruciferae thiab butterflies, Complex paj - rosehips, txiv lws suav, cucumbers, qos yaj ywm, cabbage, grapes, eggplant, buckwheat thiab ntau lwm tus. Ntawm cov ntoo cov ntaub ntawv kuj muaj paj ntoo, piv txwv: ntoo, ntoo tshauv, maple, linden, birch thiab lwm yam. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb uas tseem ceeb, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb: paj rwb, flax, jute, hevea, cinnamon, hemp, laurel thiab ntau lwm tus.

Tag nrho Dicotyledons muaj tshaj li 170 txhiab hom, uas yog kwv yees li 75% ntawm tag nrho cov flowering. Lawv qhov kev cais tawm muaj 360 tsev neeg, sib koom ua ke ntawm 60 xaj los ntawm 7 pawg me.

Distinctive nta ntawm dicotyledonous

Koj tuaj yeem sau npe rau qee yam yooj yim.

1. Muaj nyob rau hauv lub noob ntawm ob cotyledons (halves). Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo mus saib ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov noob ntawm leguminous cov qoob loo. Muaj qee kis nrog ib los yog peb qho cotyledons.
2. Hom ntawm cov hauv paus hniav system: pas nrig. Nws muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov muab flowering nroj tsuag. Piv txwv nyob rau hauv uas nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus rau kab: kua txob, hemp, nettle, begonias, spinach thiab li on. Tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv ntoo.
3. Lub paj yog yuav luag tag nrho plaub los yog tsib tus tswv cuab. Tsis tshua sib txawv.

Chav kawm Monocotyledons

Muaj txog li 80 txhiab tus neeg sawv cev sib koom ua ke hauv tsev neeg. Ntau cov txiaj ntsig zoo angiosperms yog cov piv txwv uas yuav tsum tau muab rau: raws li tag nrho cov cereal, lily, Amaryllis, txiv tsawb, sedge, feem ntau palms. Thiab qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe, vim txhua tsev neeg muaj ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntau hom.

Cov Cereal yog cov txiaj ntsim zoo ntawm cov neeg ua zaub mov noj. Cov no muaj xws li cov cog qoob loo hauv ntiaj teb cov qoob loo: nplej, txhuv, barley, rye, pob kws thiab lwm tus.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb Monocotyledonous

Peb tuaj yeem xaiv ob peb qhov tseem ceeb:

• Lub hauv paus system yog friable, nrog tsawg zam;
• Leaves lanceolate, elongated;
• Ib tug tswv cuab peb leeg, tsis tshua muaj plaub lossis ob leeg;
• Lub cotyledon yog nyob rau hauv nws embryo ib leeg.

Cov kev kawm ntawm cov tshuaj loog thiab lawv cov neeg sawv cev ntau tus qauv muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsiaj nyob ib puag ncig, uas zoo nkauj heev rau qhuas thiab uas muab peb lub neej. Yog li ntawd, vim hais tias cov pa oxygen ua rau cov nroj tsuag, thiab tsis muaj cov nkev no, tsis muaj tsiaj txhu ciaj sia.