Tub huabtais Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shumsky: biography, kev ua ub no thiab nthuav cov lus tseeb

Nws tuag nyob rau hauv 23, thiab raug tshuaj lom los ntawm khib intriguers. Yog hais tias nws twb tau mus tuab nws lub neej heev luv luv, ces qhov no yuav tsum tau pom, tej zaum, tsuas yog ib lo lus - "kev pab cuam". Skopin-Shuisky, Mikhail Vasilyevich (11.08.1586 -. 23.04.1610 xyoo), ib tug muaj koob tub rog commander, ntawm lub lem ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Tej yog ib tug txiv neej, muaj peev xwm mus tsis tau tsuas yog coj nws martial yeej, tab sis ib tug yeej ntawm diplomacy. Nws lub xub ntiag tshwm sim neeg. Cov neeg sawv ua ntej nws nyob rau nws lub hauv caug, thiab sentimentality, hnia txoj hlua eeb nees.

Skopin-Shuisky nyob rau hauv battles tsis paub swb, ua tau kev txawv teb chaws txoj cai es tsis txhob ntawm nws ungrateful thiab noble reigning txiv ntxawm Vasiliya Ivanovicha Shuyskogo. Distraught los ntawm lub atrocities fueled los ntawm kev ntshai ntawm tus huab tais lub tswv coj lub neej ntawm tsis tsuas yog nws lawm tub, tab sis kuj cia siab tias tag nrho cov zog ntawm Guj kuj.

Biography Skopin-Shumsky yog qhov kev kawm ntawm no tsab xov xwm.

Prologue. troublous lub sij hawm

Ib zaug nyob rau 1584, Ivana Groznogo thiab strangled nyob rau hauv 1598, tshuaj lom nws 42-xyoo-laus tus tub, Fyodor, txiav luv luv muaj koob muaj npe ceg ntawm lub Rurik. Rau lub crown - ib tug muaj zog tshaj card nyob rau hauv lub tog-conspirators - tus tawm tsam boyar tsab xeem lis: Godunov, Mstislavskys, Romanov Shuiskis. Tus thawj coj lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv 1598, lub yav tas oprichnik Boris Godunov.

Txawm li cas los, thaum muaj neeg laus huab tais twb yuav tsum tau tus tub ntawm tus xya tus poj niam Ivana Groznogo - Dmitry. Tsis zoo siab tus hluas raug teeb meem nrog txoj kev tuag nyob rau lub ob txhais tes ntawm pretenders rau lub zwm txwv. Thiab yog li ntawd nws tshwm sim, tom qab ntawd muab Vasiliy Shuysky officially nqa tawm lub soj ntsuam. Dmitriy "playfully pinned mus tuag rau riam."

Intrigue Boyar hwj huam nriaj txuas ntxiv. Nws yog ib tug foregone xaus thiab txoj hmoo ntawm Boris Godunov, "uas tau tsis los ntawm qib" monarshestvo. 13 Plaub Hlis Ntuj 1605 53-xyoo-laus King Boris, ua nyob rau hauv noj qab nyob zoo, muaj ib tug noj mov nrog ib tug zoo qab los noj mov, tau nce mus rau lub pej thuam, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txaus siab rau ib tug txheej txheem cej luam ntawm Moscow. Nws mus ntev los ua mob, qhov ntswg thiab caj pas pib los ntshav, thiab nws tau tuag. Nws yog tus zoo ntawm thiab nyeem tau poisoners Shuiskis. Txhua yam twb ua li ntawd clumsily thiab obviously, hais tias cov boyars yuav tsum tau pib ib lub lus xaiv, supposedly "quaj los kuamuag vim lub siab ntawm tus huab tais", nws coj tshuaj lom.

King-schemer

Nyob rau hauv tib 1605 rau lub hwj chim tshaj ib nrab ib xyoo los Muscovy impostor cuav Dmitry. Qhov no zaj dabneeg tag nrho yog Ameslikas orchestrated lzhetsarem Shuiskys thiab cov Romanovs. Tsis yog lub caij nyoog yog hu ua Gregory Otrepyev vaj Romanov, thiab nyob rau hauv Lithuania nws yog nrog los ntawm ib tug thoj monks Shuiskis. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub boyars uas nce mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm lawv yuav Lzhedmitry nws pom nws tus kheej ib tug active monarch, tsis xav kom muab up lub hwj chim.

Boyars-conspirators tua nws, thiab ces crowned nws daim card council Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Nws vowed mus kav lawv nominally ua raws li cov Boyar Duma. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tus hero ntawm peb cov tsab xov xwm no, None Skopin-Shumsky, tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv nws influential nkauj muam nraug nus Basil. Nws guarded nws tus kheej thiab kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg mus ncig VIPs.

Lub uprising Bolotnikov

Tsis ntev muaj ib yam dab tsi los tsis tau boyars Shuisky tsis Mstislavsky tsis xav pom. Cossack Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, ua si nyob rau dissatisfaction nrog lub Cossacks "Knights huab tais", nws coj ib lub uprising.

Xub thawj, lub imposter tau sau 12,000 Cossacks, enlisted kev pab los ntawm lub xeev Putivl tub huabtais Shahovskoy. Lub rebels, cia siab rau tus masses ntawm discontented peasants, tau tswj lub capture ntawm Moscow thiab lub overthrow ntawm lub boyars Tsar Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Troublemakers tacitly txhawb Rzeczpospolita.

Muaj koob muaj npe tub rog, txib los ntawm Regal tij laug Fedor, tau utterly tua yeej. Ntxeev siab Cossack tuaj txog pem ntwg Moscow.

"Polutsar" raws li Basil tau hu ua los ntawm cov neeg, txais tsuas yog rau nws txoj cai ib tug paub qab hau kev txiav txim siab: nws dheev hloov lub tsev hais plaub ua hauj lwm ntawm nws protégé, thiab kaum cuaj Mikhail Skopin-Shumsky, zoo li nws txiv thiab nws yawg, los ua ib tug warlord Moscow.

kev tiv thaiv Moscow

Michael precocious txhab differed, nws yog ib tug siab, muaj zog tub hluas nrog ib tug tho ntsia ncaj qha. Los ntawm thaum yau nws twb npaj nws tus kheej raws li ib tug tub rog, txig mastered Streletsky riam phom, kev sib ntaus los nees dressage, artillery yi.

Txawm li cas los, thiab vim li cas nws twb tsis deprived. Skopin-Shuisky tam sim ntawd raws li qhov sij hawm teem tseg muaj pov thawj los ua ib tug rhiab politician, organizer. Nws ciali ntau tshaj twb muab xav tias tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub sawvdaws thiab feem xyuam rau txoj nws. By lub sij hawm Moscow fwjchim luj kawg nkaus nyob rau hauv ib lub tu siab lub xeev, nws yeej tsis xav kom los ntshav rau lub "huab tais ntawm cov boyars." Skopin qhia thiab puas tau raug ntes lub ntsiab teeb meem-makers: Ivan Troekurova Yuri Trubetskoy, Ivan Katyreva.

Thaum lub siege sprawled nyob rau cheeb tsam hosts Ivan Bolotnikov capital Skopin-Shumsky xaiv yeej-yeej zoo. Ceev ceev hnyav cavalry tawm tsam, tsim nyob rau hauv lub nres sectors yooj yim zoo dua.

Cossacks thiab lwm yam raznosherstaya infantry Ivan Bolotnikov tsis muaj sij hawm los npaj lawv artillery mus tua thiab raug kev txom nyem losses.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub North

Meanwhile, nyob ze Novgorod muaj ib tug tiag tiag yuav raug poob liaj ia tebchaws thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub muaj koob muaj npe ntawm tsoom fwv. Tsar Vasily xa mus rau nws lawm tub Michael. Voivod, rode nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb lub zos, kuv pom hais tias qhov teeb meem no yog heev tsis meej xwm. Bolotnikova cov neeg ua hauj tswj kom convince ib co ntawm lub zos lub boyars thiab nobles nyob rau hauv insolvency "polutsarya". Qhov teeb meem no yog cua sov thiab lub fact tias lub nyob sib ze lub zos ntawm Pskov thiab Ivangorod Moscow tau hloov kev ua pej xeem.

Qhov zoo ces, tus Novgorod tswv xeev Tatishchev tseem loyal rau vaj ntxwv, ua ke nrog Skopin-Shumsky, lawv tau tsim ib txoj kev ua txoj kev npaj. Embassy ntawm Novgorod, coj los ntawm vaj ntxwv tau ntsib ib tug tub txib nyob rau hauv hais lus nrog lub taub hau ntawm lub Swedish tub rog ntawm Yakobom Delagardi, concluding ib tug alliance treaty nrog nws tiv thaiv lub tebchaws.

Skopin-Shumsky tau ntxiv dag zog rau cov ntsuj plig ntawm lub Novgorod pab tub rog, li ntawd thaum lub phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog, nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm ib qho yooj yim yeej, mus txog hauv txee ntawm Polish Yias Kozinetskogo, lawv twb tau ntsib tsis qhib qhov rooj, thiab gunfire los ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv Novgorod. Yias yuav tsum tau rov qab mus tas-handed.

Sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub boiler

Rov qab mus rau Moscow, tus huab tais txoj kev tub xeeb ntxwv, skillfully Maneuvering, nws yuam cov tub rog Ivana Bolotnikova rau ib tug decisive sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze ntawm lub zos nyob ze Moscow Boilers Hlis ntuj nqeg 2, 1806. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiv sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv cov Cossack teeb cavalry, hoping reserves thiab xav kom Skopina li nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa hauv Moscow, tus nees counter nres, tus tub hluas commander ntawm lub rebels siv cov npaj txhij txog tactics.

Es tsis txhob reciprocating tej nees lava tau ntsib los ntawm volleys ntawm grapeshot. Nws pom nws lub hwj chim ua thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv array tiv thaiv Maneuvering artillery (archers hu ua nws "taug kev-teb"). Ces tsim demoralized bolotintsev twb txiav nyob rau flank ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm tej yam uas hnyav cavalry.

Leej twg tau raug kev txom nyem hauv lub poob ntawm lub Cossack Ataman pab tub rog, dim lub encirclement, retreated los ntawm Serpukhov rau Kaluga. Txawm li cas los, MV Skopin-Shumsky mus txhais nws offensive tswv yim ntawm tas mus li raids. Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1607 nyob rau uab lag River peb ntawm nws tso kom muaj kab muaj kev tsoo los ntawm tus tiv thaiv kab ntawm lub troublemakers, uas retreated rau Tula thiab tsawm muaj.

noj Tula

Lub nroog nrog khov kho phab ntsa, cov khoom noj thiab armories yog tawv noob txiv kom keej rau lub muaj koob muaj npe sawvdaws. Thiab Ivan Bolotnikov, ib tug txiv neej ntawm kev txiav txim, tsis zoo li ib tug whipping me nyuam tub. Skopin-Shuisky sim coj nws los ntawm cua daj cua dub, tab sis twb rebuffed.

Tub ntawm tus huab tais to taub qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub defenders, lawv artillery. Nws xyaum lub siege tiag tiag Muab lwm, ntau cunning kev npaj khomob. Commander Skopin Shumsky nyiag kom tau tus dej, uas yog Tula, tsim lub pas dej tauv. Thaum cov dej theem sawv, nws twb puas lawm. Nws flooded lub tiv thaiv artillery depots thiab accessories. Lub tom ntej storming ntawm Tula yog ib tug kawm tau zoo. Nrog ib tug horde ntawm Bolotnikov nws yog lawm.

Txawm li cas los, ntau lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv Moscow loomed txawm ntau dua kev hem thawj.

Cuav Dmitry II. Ua tsov ua rog nrog teb chaws Poland

Polish magnates, pom cov tsis muaj zog ntawm Muscovy, yoojyim tsis muaj kev cia siab mus rau deprive e hwjchim kav. Lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug tshiab phiaj los nqis tes tsis muaj mus nrhiav ntev. Yog li yug lub cuav Dmitry II ntawm, ib tug protégé ntawm lub tebchaws no,, ib tug neeg tu siab heev thiab tswj, - ib tug cover rau lub peb hlis ntuj rau Moscow. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub pab tub rog, uas tau hais nyob rau hauv lub assumed hom phiaj, tus tso kom muaj kab muaj kev Sapieha thiab Ruzhin numbering 14,000 cov tub rog. Lawv twb koom los ntawm Cossack troops ntawm Trubetskoy thiab Zarutsky (hu ua nyob rau hauv cov tub rog ntawm cov thawj cuav Dmitry). Qhov no pab tub rog ua ntej tsiv nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Tula, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sib txuas lus nrog Bolotnikov, tab sis tsis muaj sij hawm.

Tsar Vasily xa Skopin-Shumsky kev pab Novgorod thiab Swedish cov phoojywg.

Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1609 Lavxias teb sab-Swedish tub rog Skopina thiab De la Gardie, tsiv mus Moscow, pib puav ib ncig lub gentry. Nws twb koom los ntawm regiments ntawm Smolensk magistrates Shein.

Lub invaders raug ntiab rov qab mus rau lub qub Rus, Toropets. Nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze Tver siab manifested tactical txuj ci muaj koob muaj npe tub. Voivod Zborowski, uas ntseeg nws feint, poob txog 5000 pab tub rog.

Txawm li cas los, tom qab xws li ci ntsa iab yeej Union Yakoba Delagardi thiab Skopin-Shumsky tsaus muag. Swedes twb tsis muaj ab tsi rau cov nom tswv lub hom phiaj ntawm Muscovy, lawv twb xav nyob rau hauv trophies. Ua ke nrog cov Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tseem tso kom muaj kab muaj kev Christer Somme, ib tug thib tsib ntawm cov Union sawvdaws. Yog li, lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog ua tsis tau zoo zog ntawm lub invaders, tab sis lub preservation ntawm ib tug unified zoo rau tub huabtais Michael yog ib qho tseem ceeb.

thawj coj

Skopin-Shumsky nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog heev nrov ntawm cov neeg, vim hais tias tom qab nws nres nyob rau hauv Kalyazin, xa xa xov mus rau nws los ntawm qhov txhia chaw los ntawm cov zej zog thiab monasteries tau txais reinforcements thiab nyiaj txiag. Meanwhile, lub commander tau ntse kawm raznosherstoe khoom troops mus tua rau lub Swedish qauv, tsis tau raws li kev qhuab qhia thiab kev txawj. Nrog ib tug tsis muaj kev kawm rau cavalry bristling phom taug kev-nroog. Lub infantry kawm mus rau deprive cavalry maneuver thiab suppress hluav taws.

Nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Skopin-Shumsky sib ntaus sib tua coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nyob ze Kalyazin Trinity Monastery (Makar'ev) sib npaug zos rau nws tus kheej pab tub rog gentry Yana Sapegi thiab Zborowski. Interventionists zuj qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Muscovites, thaum lub sij hawm lub xya-teev sib ntaus sib tua raug kev txom nyem hnyav losses thiab retreated.

Lavxias teb sab mus lawm tom ntej, muaj yeej Pereyaslav-Zaleski thiab Alexander suburb. Lawv intensified: Moscow tswv xeev muab monasteries siv nyiaj rau Delagardi mercenaries.

Meanwhile, Tug regrouped. 20 txhiab cov neeg tseem ceeb troops Sapieha tau tiv thaiv Skopin-Shumsky. Txawm li cas los, cov sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub teb twb yeej los ntawm Karin Lavxias teb sab thiab Swedish. Cov stoically tau tiv thaiv vwm frontal nres ntawm lub Polish hussars, delaying lawv ntoo thiab av tiv thaiv, tsuas yog mus overturn lawv flank tawm tsam.

Lub yeej ntawm lub troops Sapieha

Skopin-Shumsky yeej yuam cov Polish King Sigismund III los qhia nws yeej muaj tseeb lub ntsej muag thiab tshaj tawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv Muscovy, lub zwm txwv uas nws txiav txim siab vossadit tub huabtais Ladislas. Nws xa nws cov tub rog mus rau hauv lub ntsiab springboard Muscovy - Smolensk.

Txawm li cas los, qhov loj tshaj kev nyab xeeb yog tsis yog tus huab tais lub neej, thiab nyob ze heev rau Moscow, nyob rau hauv lub Tushino pab tub rog Sapieha (chaw pib lub npe menyuam yaus keeb kwm cuav Dmitry II - «Tushino tub sab"). Txawm li cas los, tub huabtais Michael tsis tawm tus yeeb ncuab nyob ib leeg. Sally Skopinskaya tswv xeev ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm lub ntsiab rog yuam cov Tug rau Retreat los ntawm Tushino rau Dmitrov.

Nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1610 Skopin-Shumsky Mikhail launched ib tug decisive sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub deprotected Moscow. Nws generalship swift txiav txim - kom phim rau tom qab Lavxias teb sab tub rog commander, Suvorov. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub shortest tau lub sij hawm ntaub ntawv lub caij duav saum npu tso kom muaj kab muaj kev ntawm musketeers, leej twg, vim muaj ib tug npaj txhij txog kev kub ceev maneuver, ua kom puas tus siab heev outpost ntawm lub Tug thiab deploy riam phom nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab. Tam sim ntawd (nws yog lub ob hlis ntuj 20) tuaj rau tus cawm lossless Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tam sim ntawd overturns cov tub rog Sapieha, rhuav tseg rau nws feem ntau. Cov tseem muaj sia nyob ua nom ua tswv thiaj khiav mus rau Smolensk, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sib txuas lus nrog cov muaj koob muaj npe tub rog.

es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug xaus

Victoriously tas lub caij ntuj no phiaj los nqis tes ntawm 1610, kuv tus tswv thiab tus tswv xeev, None MV Skopin-Shuya nyob rau hauv lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab rov qab mus rau Moscow. Nws yog zoo siab thiab zoo siab, nyob rau hauv anticipation ntawm lub decisive peb hlis ntuj mus Smolensk.

Boyars xav tsis thoob hluas no Brown thiab tsis muaj zog Lavxias teb sab vajtswv ua tsov ua rog nyiam cov neeg txoj kev hlub, uas lawv yeej tsis ua npau suav. Nyob rau hauv nws lawv pom ib tug ntau qhia tau meej heev rival ntawm nws lub hwj chim tshaj nobles. Villainy lurking nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg intentions ntawm tus huab tais tus tij laug, Dmitry, thov lub rooj huas tias. Nws txhob txwm tshaj tawm ib qho kev xaiv uas Mikhail Skopin-Shumsky xav ua huab tais. "Polutsar", ua nws tus kheej ib tug neeg phem lub siab, tso cai rau tus tua ntawm nws lawm tub.

Skopin-Shumsky ceeb toom ntawm qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm nws cov phooj ywg, cov Swede Jakob de la Gardie, urging thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav mus pib lub anti-Polish lub tuam txhab. Txawm li cas los, tus tub hluas hero nyob rau hauv ib tug hurry.

Doubtless nws yog qhov tseeb hais tias nws tua neeg npaj nyob rau hauv ua ntej. Nws tau raug tsa nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm ntawm kev cai raus dej ntawm tus me nyuam mos tus tub ntawm tub huabtais Vorotynsky. Skopin-Shumsky caw godfather, thiab nws poisoner (tus poj niam ntawm tub huabtais Dmitry Catherine, tus ntxhais Malyuta Skuratov) - godmother. Tag nrho cov txiav txim siab los so nws khob cawv txiv hmab. lom tsos mob twb zoo ib yam li cov neeg manifested nyob rau hauv Boris Godunov. Txawm li cas los, tus haib lub cev ntawm tub huabtais Michael ob lub lis piam ua los kom tiv thaiv cov cov tshuaj lom.

Yog li ntawd distraught atrocities Shuiskys cov kwv tij tua lawv tib neeg txhais tes, muaj peev xwm cawm tau lawv lub dynasty, mus rau leej twg yog Mikhail Skopin-Shumsky. Luv luv tab sis ci ntsa iab yog nws lub neej. Nyob rau hauv nws kev tuag tag nrho ntawm Moscow hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv kev quaj ntsuag, quaj ntsuag tiag tiag lub teb chaws hero. Noj tshais yog Knight Delagardi complained hais tias tsis pom qhov twg, tsis nyob rau hauv Russia, los yog nyob rau hauv tsev nws yeej tsis tau raws li nws tus zoo phooj ywg.

Txiv ntxawm hero, nws killer, uas tsis tau muaj cov txuj ci los yog hloov Muscovy los yog ua rau nws pab tub rog sai pom lawv tus kheej daig los ntawm tus Tug, thiab lub nroog capital twb npaum li cas ignominiously, tsis muaj ib tug sib ntaus.